tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-41783956162505645552024-03-12T17:13:00.768-07:00What happens when a non-accredited paleontology fan blogsDavid Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.comBlogger93125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-26854206326484246512020-09-09T10:00:00.001-07:002020-09-09T10:00:17.413-07:00Paleontologist Profile: Louis R Purnell<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal">We live in a discouraging world. How many kids dream of
goals like paleontology and never can because of socioeconomic factors? It’s
especially hard with the racial segregation based on socioeconomic barriers
that still exists in the United States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It’s hard enough to get a paleontology career as it is thanks to the
money and time and lack of positions and pay. Our society doesn’t reward
science that doesn’t provide more money for other people. It’s especially hard
for racial minorities-job barriers and discrimination have always been a major
barrier to life goals. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So it’s nice to find some hope somewhere, and to find
heroes. An unsung hero in all senses of the word was Louis Rayfield Purnell. He
was the son of a railcar painter in Maryland, but managed to make it to the
Smithsonian. How? A little bit a luck, but with a lot of perseverance, talent,
ingenuity, and a wide skill set. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span></span></p><a name='more'></a> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">His first love was airplanes. He moved around in his
childhood to Delaware and New Jersey, and with it he watched airfields. It was
the Great Depression, and as a black kid he had little chance of flying a
plane, but he did it anyway. He was inspired by the celebrated pilot Hubert
Fauntleroy Julian, an outspoken international showman from Trinidad known for
his stunt flying and parachuting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
was the days of an explosion of interest in pilots as the veterans of the First
World War began to pass on their knowledge and skill. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigiuE5zqUZwyyqq1wIXmvn-C0ZEglUPiq7JBDJgZsJEXppJXluKV3tOg4ke9KxOG-nU0EG76mGxCQKgvMUaqpH9tpArFUs4vdGbgzF3Ww99nADK5L52sZYE60bLM68dW-PsDx1P5KB20k/s640/SIA2011-0143.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="389" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigiuE5zqUZwyyqq1wIXmvn-C0ZEglUPiq7JBDJgZsJEXppJXluKV3tOg4ke9KxOG-nU0EG76mGxCQKgvMUaqpH9tpArFUs4vdGbgzF3Ww99nADK5L52sZYE60bLM68dW-PsDx1P5KB20k/s320/SIA2011-0143.jpg" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Working his way through high school and college, Purnell
managed to find an opportunity with the new CPTP, a civilian pilot program
erected in response to the increasing militarization in Europe. With an opening
in Lincoln University Pennsylvania, a rare opportunity for African Americans to
learn piloting skill emerged. He got his license just in time for the war; like
most patriotic Americans he applied to use his skills, in this case in the
Tuskegee institute in Alabama. It was one of the most rigorous and restrictive
programs you could apply for, but Purnell made it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the war he served in the 99<sup>th</sup>
Flying Training Squadron and 332<sup>nd</sup> <span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Expeditionary Operations Group as a </span>P-51 Mustang <span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">fighter pilot, flying 88 Escort missions over
North Africa, Italy and France and winning the Distinguished Flying Cross, the
rank of captain, and the Air Medal. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">After the war, he suffered the eternal curse of veterans,
especially African American ones: trying to find employment. After getting
married, he decided to move to DC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With an interest and expertise at studying
people, Purnell decided to try psychology and proved especially skilled at
speech therapy, getting a degree in Howard University in DC while working at
many places the: Quartermaster General, U.S. Book Exchange, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the Identification Section of Air
Force Casualties, the Library of Congress and the National Gallery of Art;</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For graduate work, he went to George
Washington University. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">That’s when Purnell found a new passion and fascination;
marine cephalopods. Nautiloids and ammonites with their natural beauty and
exquisite preservation drew his interest. The keen-eyed Purnell got a degree in
geology as well and joined many field expeditions for the NMNH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in 1961. It looked like he was headed for
invertebrate paleontology at the Smithsonian after he published the <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Catalog of the Type Specimens of Invertebrate
Fossils</span></em>. Having a black man in their midst polarized the
Smithsonian scientists; many of them were appalled and wanted him out,
threatened by his talent and potential. Others were happy to find a colleague
who not only matched their enthusiasm but also proved to be skillful in
identifying and cataloguing specimens. For years he found himself both
supported and hated, many encouraging him to push forward while many pushed him
back</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Unfortunately, the barrier of prejudice proved too strong. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He simply couldn’t get a promotion thanks to
the racism of the board.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1967 he
tried out for NASM, knowing his experience and love of aircraft and piloting
would be an asset. Once again racism kept him out. However, there was one
department that had a lot of positions open and was eager to get veteran pilots
into the staff: the Astronautics Department. It was growing and popular and he
was as excited as anyone else in the new frontier with new museum specimens
being added as NASA kept going forward. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">His experience at the Smithsonian, Library and Gallery, as
well as his interest in how people think, made him skilled at organizing and
displaying exhibits and made Purnell second in command to curator Frederick C.
Durant. Durant shared Purnell’s love of aircraft and had the same enthusiasm
for new aviation and space technology. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfl6I6Ggz56gYPe0wy6D9vJsVrxIt5ZNA96tMVzmSk86pMMANWEAVxvDcfdkBMzwU8qmRYfheOmgQm5Luib4uKuA16O2PbJ1aVt66lj6akPV0FE0sYBtF9-Z_hcMzfoipUdxVOYnvz2OE/s768/Smithsonian_Institution_Archives_-_SIA2008-3012.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfl6I6Ggz56gYPe0wy6D9vJsVrxIt5ZNA96tMVzmSk86pMMANWEAVxvDcfdkBMzwU8qmRYfheOmgQm5Luib4uKuA16O2PbJ1aVt66lj6akPV0FE0sYBtF9-Z_hcMzfoipUdxVOYnvz2OE/s320/Smithsonian_Institution_Archives_-_SIA2008-3012.jpg" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In 1972 he became assistant curator for the NASM, working
for 13 years collecting, preserving, organizing, and presenting its collection.
He believed in education and cultivation of the interests of the public. Sadly
the interviews never asked him if he ever visited the nearby NMNH to see his
beloved ammonites; it’s possible he was just too busy with his new job.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Retiring in 1985, he kept active as a
consultant and lecturer until his death of cancer in 2001. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Smithsonian interviewed him in the 1994, and they still
have transcripts and files of his own words <a href="https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_217746?back=/collections/search%3Fquery%3Dpurnell%26page%3D1%26perpage%3D10%26sort%3Drelevancy%26view%3Dlist">https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_217746?back=/collections/search%3Fquery%3Dpurnell%26page%3D1%26perpage%3D10%26sort%3Drelevancy%26view%3Dlist</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Louis Purnell is a hero by all standards; he didn’t fight
just German and Italian fighter pilots, but racism, prejudice, and long long
odds to do his best at what he believed in and what he excelled at.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His connection to paleontology is tangential,
but a reminder of the barrier of prejudice. I wish he had lived long enough to
see an African American curator of the NMNH, but I think he’d approve of
someone going ahead and breaking that barrier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It might even be someone reading this article.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We need heroes in this time as much as we have ever needed
them, and I think Louis Purnell fits the bill. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://siarchives.si.edu/blog/louis-purnell-airman-and-curator">https://siarchives.si.edu/blog/louis-purnell-airman-and-curator</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/14/us/louis-rayfield-purnell-sr-81-airman-and-museum-curator.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/14/us/louis-rayfield-purnell-sr-81-airman-and-museum-curator.html</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://siarchives.si.edu/history/featured-topics/African-Americans/louis-purnell?fbclid=IwAR05meINP5RMQAHFBQsib_iJy0osnAkHfPx9Nn1f-uCKps6DBoix8Kk5ous">https://siarchives.si.edu/history/featured-topics/African-Americans/louis-purnell?fbclid=IwAR05meINP5RMQAHFBQsib_iJy0osnAkHfPx9Nn1f-uCKps6DBoix8Kk5ous</a>
</p>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-67313192235614401852019-03-20T18:13:00.000-07:002019-03-20T18:13:16.907-07:00Paleofest Report 2019<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Welcome back! It’s this time of year again where I go down
the annual Paleofest Symposium, held every March at the Burpee Museum in
Rockford Illinois. There’s always new discoveries, new experiences, and a lot
of great talks about paleontology research. For further details, I once again
recommend our MC Scott Williams, for tweets check out Dr. Thomas Holtz’s
twitter, and for images ask Todd Johnson. Once again there’s no particular
theme, but once again younger researchers and women researchers take the
foreground on a wide variety of topics.</div>
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The first talk was by Aaron Van der Reest of the University
of Alberta, on preserved dinosaur tissue. It was interesting to learn that not
only do have that Tyrannosaurus’ bone marrow but earlier formations. An
Ornithomimus was found not only with feathers (symmetrical but without
barbules), but the keratin in the feathers survived in the fossil.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Foremost, Dinosaur Park, Brazeau and
Wapiti Formation were all examined. Dinosaur Park has Gorgosaurus and
Laterivenatrix fossils with blood cells but without osteocytes (bone cells).
The Brazeau formation does have a lot of osteocytes, while the Wapiti has a
small amount but they are still present.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Frustratingly, we have yet to find out why these tissues preserve and
why not in other geological layers. Hopefully further research will reveal why.</div>
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This was followed by a great talk by Denise Su from the
Cleveland Museum of Natural History.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her
studies focused on hominin paleoecology, a subject very close to me and my
academic background.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Laetoli, Tanzania
is known for its footprints of Australopithecus, but the paleoecology was not
yet studied. There is a mixed fauna of browsers and grazers, but grass species
and bovid species indicate a dry grassy habitat-rabbits outnumber rodents, and
the only aquatic animals are gastropods. This suggests a mosaic habitat of open
parkland with ponds and streams. The sites of Hadar (home of Lucy) and
Woranso-Mile not only have more Australopithecus remains and more species of
Australopithecus, but the fossils suggest a much wetter environment. These
sites, combined with microwear and carbon isotopes, suggest Australopithecus
was a flexible generalist that preferred soft fruits in wet environments.</div>
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Carrie Levitt-Bussian’s talk was on the Kaparowitz Formation
in Utah, and specifically the growth rates of the Chamosaurines found there.
Ectotherms today like reptiles grow slowly and continuously through their
lives, with adulthood slowing down the rate but never really stopping, while endotherms
like birds have cyclical, fast growth, and both are shown in bone histology. I can’t
reveal the details, but suffice to say we have a variety of different warm
blooded but very different bone growth patterns from different species.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Roy Plotnick’s talk
was very different. Instead of existing fossils, he predicted current patterns
of fauna and what the paleontologists millions of years from now would
find.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He argued that humans would leave
more fossils than artifacts, let alone very fragile history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He noted that taphonomy bias such as the
difficulty of upland and forest environments in preserving fossils, and
estimated only 8% of all current species would be preserved. Using the mammal
populations in Michigan, he used statistics to show biomass: the majority is
humans, followed by livestock, then finally wildlife dominated by deer. Livestock
would be preserved as middens and trenches, humans in cemeteries, although both
environments would be vulnerable to later climate change that might interfere
with fossilization. It was chilling but thoughtful.</div>
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My favorite talk of the day was from Ashley Poust from the
University of California Berkley. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His
talk was on Creodonts, a strange group of carnivorous mammals from 60-15
million years ago.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hypercarnivores
already existed in the Cretaceous, but as mammal prey got bigger, mammal
predators also increased in size (the phrase “Sea going murder factories” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is used to apply to whales hilariously) . The
focus was primarily on the Hyenodonts, as Oxyaenids are more obscure, rare,
primitive and ill-defined.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hyeanodonts,
defined by 3 pairs of carnassials, ranging from weasel to rhinoceros size,
reaching their apex in the middle and late Eocene, are in turn divided into the
northern Hyeanodontidae and the African <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hyainailuridae</span>. In bone histology, we see
two forms of growth: fast and disordered, or ordered and slow. Looking at 18
femurs, Poust found that the growth beings fast, then slows, slower than modern
carnivores (but at the same rate as contemporary carnivorans), but in the same
pattern. However, the <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hyainailurids have even slower growth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A new possibility raises its head: African hyenodonts are not related to
the Hyeanodonts, but actually Afrotheres like Hyrax, Tenrecs, and Elephants! </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The next talk was also about mammals-in this case metatherians.
Metatherians contain marsupials and their relatives, and existed in the
Cretaceous period. North American metatheres, represented by mostly tooth taxa,
went extinct in the K-Pg extinction, but their relationship with existing
metatheres is still a mystery. Alexandria Brannick of the University of Seattle
has recently found significant fossils however-excavating in Egg Mountain, a
late Cretaceous site that gives paleontologists a great look into dinosaur
behavior and environments in an upland environment, she has found significant
material of Alphadon, . This includes a complete skull, as well as unpublished
material that is suffice to say exciting. Brannick has concluded on these new
finds that North American metatheres like Alphadon from the middle to late
Cretaceous are actually closer to South American marsupials than contemporary
South American metatheres as well as the Sparassdonts, a group of metatheres
that evolved into large hypercarnivores during the Cenozoic. </span></div>
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The obligatory invertebrate talk was by James Lamsdell of West Virginia University, looking spiffy in a Ravenclaw scarf. He argued that
Eurypterids were model organisms, as they were well preserved and show very
interesting patterns of evolution. Eurypterids, also called sea scorpions, are
diverse (150 different species ranged in shape, ecology, and the size of a
toothpick to the size of an alligator), variable, and well-preserved, with a
robust and well-established phylogeny. They were the first arthropods with
large pincers and claws, which were generalized in immature stages and
specialized in maturity. They peaked in the Devonian, but the Devonian
extinction caused the marine species to die out, succeeded by unrelated
bottom-feeding freshwater groups in the Carboniferous: the tiny progenic
(possessing adult traits immediately) Adelophthalmids and the giant
neotenous<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(keeping juvenile traits in
adulthood) Mycteropoids. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eurypterids are
also an evolutionary transition-they have pseudotrachae like marine isopods,
transitioning from true gills to book lungs used by terrestrial
arthropods.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There’s new material that
shows more revelations, but it’s unpublished. </div>
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The last talk was by Jade Simon of the University of
Toronto, about new Anzu material. This is such new material I am not permitted
to reveal exactly what she found in terms of new oviraptorid material from Hell
Creek. However, I did also learn about the differentiation between the clades
of Oviraptors. Oviraptors are divided into Oviraptorids from Asia, and
Caegnathids from both Asia and North America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The difference is in their morphology and habitats: Oviraptorids are in
dry habitats, with deeper mandibles and short metatarsals, and are overall more
common, while Caegnathids have long flat mandibles, long metatarsals, are much
rarer, and are more associated with wetlands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The diet remains unknown-both carnivore, herbivory, and omnivory have
been suggested. She revealed more, very exciting discoveries to boot, but they
are not yet published. Just get excited.</div>
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The next day started out with a look at the neglected
Chugwater fauna of Triassic Wyoming by David Lovelace of the University of
Wisconsin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Late Triassic is
abundant, with sites in Mexico to Canada, from California to Virginia. And yet
the Chugwater basin remains the “Red bedded stepchild” of well studied
locations Arizona-New Mexico Chinle formation and Texas’ Dockum formation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first fossils in Chugwater were
invertebrate ichnofossils, joined by other footprints from Rauisuchians naad
Rhynchosaurs. After 100 years of neglect, new finds reveal new phytosaur,
metoposaur, and Dicynodont material. Phytosaurs in particular include
well-preserved Palaeorhinus, which resembles basal animals. There are also mass
mortality beds of Koskinonodon, giant predatory amphibians-interestingly
enough, those at Chugwater are much smaller than the individuals
elsewhere.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally, there are
burrows-for decades these burrows found in Triassic rock were assumed to be
tiny lungfish; however, these new finds reveal they were created by Triassic
caecilians, limbless amphibians inhabiting tropical, wet forests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once again, there’s some revolutionary
finds, but I cannot disclose their identity at the moment.</div>
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The next talk is also about the late Triassic, in this case
the Dockum’s freshwater fish. Sarah Gibson of St Cloud University studies
Redfieldiform fish, a group of mysterious rayfinned fish of the Triassic
ranging from the Karoo of Africa to the Newark of the USA. These fish are
characterized by their short and spiky snouts, and in the Dockum the remains
are excellent. Found here are Cionicthys and Lasalicthys, also found in the
Chinle. Especially interesting however is Hemicalypterus, a spiky-snouted fish
that has armored ganoid scales in front and tiny regular scales in back. Most intriguing,
Hemicalpyterus has spork-shaped teeth: rounded with small points. No other fish
in the formation has those. However, a greater scope comparison reveals that
this tooth morphology is found in herbivorous fish: particularly those
specialized in scraping algae off rocks. The conclusion: Hemicalypterus is the
first herbivorous fish. The teeth, the morphology, and the armor arrangement is
parallel to catfish in convergent evolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This is a real revelation for me, and a fascinating discovery.</div>
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The next talk was the weakest of the weekend, but still had
some interesting ideas and potential for further research. Armita Manafzadeh of
Brown University studied locomotion using an X-ROMM, using X-rays to see the
skeletal elements of a moving animal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Her particular issue was with Pterosaurs, commonly shown with splayed
hindlimbs. After examining bird and reptile leg mechanics and range of motion
on 3 axes, she scanned pterosaur hindlimbs and animated them in a computer
program. Her conclusion was ligaments present in living taxa would prevent the
hindlimbs. Her main mistake was using birds rather than bats, phylogeny rather
than actual morphology, a mistake she admitted, pointing out that phylogeny is
not guaranteed to explain biomechanics. She made three mistakes: first is not
talking with pterosaur experts, the second is not taking account of the flight
membrane that stretched across the animal’s limbs, and finally she did not take
into account actual pterosaur footprints that showed exactly how they
locomoted. Her criticism comes off as attacking a strawman of how scientists
actually think pterosaurs moved, and not providing any alternative model.
However, she did succeed in showing the potential for this technology to imply
the range of motion for animals, and she did make valid points that we need new
rules of biomechanics, more joint studies, and studying the mechanics of an
entire limb anatomy rather than just joints.</div>
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The next talk was excellent-Eva Hoffman of Harvard
University brought new discoveries to light on Kanyentatherium’s reproduction.
Hatchling synapsids are rare in the fossil record, so we don’t know their
litter size.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Short-tailed Tenrecs, small
mammals from Madagascar, have litter sizes of 16, with one individual giving
birth to 32.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So it was an amazing find
to discover hatchlings of the one of the last non-mammal synapsids. This genus
is Kayentatherium, a tritylodont cynodont that lived in the shadow of
Dilophosaurus and other dinosaurs. One individual was found with its clutch:
while the soft, uncalcified eggshells did not fossilize, at least 38 babies
were found. We don’t know if they had just hatched or died unhatched, but these
tiny fossils show that large litter sizes existed. Cynodont ontogeny is shown
as they have small postdentaries and brains compared to adults, but unlike
modern cynodonts (mammals), their heads are the same proportions and shapes as
adults, whereas their living relatives had rounder, proportionally larger
skulls.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hoffman has discovered an
inverse correlation-the larger the brain, the smaller the clutch, and
vice-versa. </div>
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Thomas Cullen, the new dinosaur expert at the Field Museum,
gave a talk about Sue. While the discoveries made during Sue’s renovation
remain unpublished, what I can repeat is his pitch for the new exhibit. I am a
docent for the Evolving Planet exhibit that Sue’s exhibit is attached to, and
it’s an excellent update; Sue is placed in context in both history and ecology.
The Gastralia and furcula have been finally added to the skeleton, and the
right leg repositioned to be anatomically correct. A light-and-sound
presentation shows the highlights of Sue and their pathologies as well as
Tyrannosaurus anatomy in general. Bone histology has been studied, but since
the revelations are unpublished, I cannot reveal them. I can only say they are
fascinating if you have any interest in bone histology.</div>
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The next two talks were about the palaeobotany of the Late
Cretaceous/Early Paleogene transition. The first was by Antoine Bercovici of
the Smithsonian Institution, who took floral inventory at the Marmoth site near
Bowman, North Dakota. Both pollen, wood, and leaf imprint fossils were all
studied and counted. At the Cretaceous layer, angiosperms, flowering plants,
dominate. Right above the iridium player is a spike in fern fossils, which is typical
for plant growth after a defoliating disaster like a volcanic eruption. The
most significant change is that out of over 100 species, only 3 survived.
Insect numbers correlate-all the specialized insect species go extinct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Likewise with birds-of all the dinosaurs,
only the toothless birds survived.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
biggest revelations are that no families of plants went extinct-only genera,
and that the Deccan eruptions’ impact seems to have been overstated: their
release of CO2 actually enriched the plant taxa in both number and diversity. </div>
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Regan Dunn, his counterpart at the Field Museum, did a
focused study on the canopy cover. What exactly killed all these plants would
be the earthquakes and shockwave of the impact itself, followed by a brief
superheat, then choking clouds of soot and dust as nuclear winter set in and
the temperature dropped 25 degrees Celsius, then acid rain as the toxic sulfur
combined with the water vaporized by the earlier heat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>How to measure canopy cover? Dunn looked at
leaf area index which indicates how much of light reached the ground. The
higher up the leaf, the smaller it is in area, and vice-versa, creating two
subtypes of leaves on the same tree: sun leaves and shade leaves. Phytoliths
and cuticles were added to the material, using cell morphology and modern
analogies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the final data is
unpublished and cannot be divulged. </div>
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The last talk was again from Thomas Holtz of the University
of Maryland, on Dinosaur Integument. The first dinosaur scales were discovered
in 1851, and mummies of many lineages were found with fossil scale impressions.
However, there was always this suspicion that some dinosaurs were birdlike, and
might have had feathered. Ornitholestes was once pondered to have been
feathered in 1910, but this was ignored. In the 1970s when the Dinosaur
Renaissance began, paleoartists like Landry and Paul suspected that dinosaurs
had feathers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1996, the feathered
dinosaurs began to show up-Sinosauropteryx, a juvenile Scirimimus, Yutyrannus
of the theropods, then Tianyulong and Kulindadromeus in ornithischians. What
Holtz calls “the Great Enfluffening began”. And then came the question-which
dinosaurs had feathers and which didn’t? There are three phylogenies ordering
sauropods, theropods, and beaked dinosaurs, and they all are valid (the
saurichian-ornithiscian split seems to be the best-supported, but only
marginally).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another unfortunate problem
is that most environments don’t preserve feathers-we find Archaeopteryx with
feathers, but also Archaeopteryx without fossils. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Holtz then pointed out that most animals in real life have
multiple integruments-birds have naked skin, monofilaments, feathers, and
scales on the same skin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scales even
vary on the same animal-crocodiles have fine scales, cracked skin on the mouth,
and osteoderms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pterosaurs have been
found with “Fuzz”-filaments that can be classified as feathers, and some even
with multiple fibers growing from the same root.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Body size SOUNDS like a sound idea, but we
have 2 ton Tyrannosaurs covered in fibers, and giant Deinocherius has a tail
vetebra that looks like it might have had supported plumes, wooly mammoths in
mammals, and even elephants today can be quite furry on occasion. Indeed, it’s
commonly assumed that giant sloths had fur, even though we haven’t found direct
evidence of it-could they have been scaly? His conclusion was a fascinating
one: it’s just as likely that Tyrannosaurus had feathers as it had filament
fuzz as it had scales, and they could have been in any combination. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s a genuine mystery-and one that allows for
a lot of variation in paleoart. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So it was a great set of talks this year, and I’m looking
forward to the releases of more finds, more papers, and more paleofests! </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-76094322074526746392019-02-07T18:22:00.001-08:002019-02-07T18:22:05.693-08:00New Year Special: Year of the Pig<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Happy New Year! In China, it’s the Year of the Pig<span id="goog_1230573753"></span><span id="goog_1230573754"></span>. Pigs
have long been a mainstay of Eurasian societies since they were domesticated,
proving critical protein for relatively low cost, and allowed for the
Polynesians to conquer the Pacific and the Europeans to thrive in the New
World.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Egyptians considered them
evil and diseased, and the Jewish and Muslim examples followed their example. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it says something the Romans loved them
so much they refused to adopt that dietary law. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pigs have been a success story
in history. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s time to talk about
their evolutionary story. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pigs are basal artiodactyls-their closest relatives are the
similarly Suine Peccaries, more basal camels, and more derived ungulates such
as hippos, whales and extinct entelodonts, followed by camels, then by
ruminants. </div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So where do Suines come from? </div>
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</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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Appropriately enough, they seem to originate from East Asia.
In the Eocene, we see piglike animals emerge. They’re distinct from
anthracotheres and early whales-they’re not as anatomically specialized.
Anthracotheres are cousins of hippos and entelodonts who resembled piglike
hippos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We find Egatochoerus and
Siamochoerus in Thailand and Guangxi, alongside primitive Asian rodents,
sabertooth nimravids (catlike predators that will get their own article), early
ruminants, prosimian and early simian primates, and anthracotheres. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNG-GMf9TMFBUo_b9NWmpCwKizBPLak7MdvkYHqNpdIi_aNodBrnxAKuZGaAVq7S37oBGJ-WqlCenjjsBJCbbmwWj2qA-vqAfSFYHDa-SEAXayEt2qmcXsc4upJ3xedmsllVNLWUD3raY/s1600/Palaeochoerus_aurelianensis.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="944" data-original-width="1439" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNG-GMf9TMFBUo_b9NWmpCwKizBPLak7MdvkYHqNpdIi_aNodBrnxAKuZGaAVq7S37oBGJ-WqlCenjjsBJCbbmwWj2qA-vqAfSFYHDa-SEAXayEt2qmcXsc4upJ3xedmsllVNLWUD3raY/s320/Palaeochoerus_aurelianensis.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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In the Oligocene, we see them spread west-they reach Africa
and Europe by 30 Million years ago. <i>Palaeochoerus</i>, for example, was found as
far as Shantung, Zaragoza, and Angola. </div>
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The Miocene sees an explosion of pigs as subfamily after
subfamily emerges.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLKz6yUYgZ_efmPG8V89Fh0G66rfBd9vLkmwoGPsZ6SnpPSLY-QXX8hMrC30sLdMBmlJ_qVaaTmMUAUemw_2VXir5utAN5XDFbXLRXNCymNwSiU9i3Ng_7sgxavJxDEkId2xrs0T2kQ8Q/s1600/Cerdos-Salvajes-7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="700" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLKz6yUYgZ_efmPG8V89Fh0G66rfBd9vLkmwoGPsZ6SnpPSLY-QXX8hMrC30sLdMBmlJ_qVaaTmMUAUemw_2VXir5utAN5XDFbXLRXNCymNwSiU9i3Ng_7sgxavJxDEkId2xrs0T2kQ8Q/s320/Cerdos-Salvajes-7.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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One is the long-legged <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cainochoerus. </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">They survived in Africa despite competition with
antelope and warthogs until the mass extinction in the Pliocene. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">There are the primitive, comospolitan Hyotheres. We see them in France,
India, Russia and Spain, and have the beginnings of the characteristic tusks,
long incisors, and unspecialized molars of living pigs.</span></div>
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<i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioAuPfu58hBairEwMBguUwN7eWY7M34w1nHQd4fPmfHsLkp_cAsgygxk1bEKBQb1VcccYa1-Nxz1kbC6puK_n8M7WJGj_Y-oou8_jPoDLjDs3o3Nzki5be7ylATBRV45mm7xMiWPN5U8A/s1600/listriodon-faca1461-69d5-4394-9bd1-73cf35e3b11-resize-750.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="989" data-original-width="750" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioAuPfu58hBairEwMBguUwN7eWY7M34w1nHQd4fPmfHsLkp_cAsgygxk1bEKBQb1VcccYa1-Nxz1kbC6puK_n8M7WJGj_Y-oou8_jPoDLjDs3o3Nzki5be7ylATBRV45mm7xMiWPN5U8A/s320/listriodon-faca1461-69d5-4394-9bd1-73cf35e3b11-resize-750.jpg" width="242" /></a></i></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><i>Listriodon </i>is far more similar to modern pigs, with a long snout and
large tusks. They have a similar cosmopolitan range, and again died out in the
Pliocene. <i>Listriodon </i>itself contains anything from 8 to 18 species as it seems
to have existed for an incredible 10 million years, browsing across the continents.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Similar is the African <i>Namachoerus</i>, a short-snouted pig that resembles
the hyotheres but is still closer to <i>Listriodon</i>. </span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimCBqXi7tKvIAK94Ds1ZZRTBiuNH54xpg19sXYoll1L48kS0ep7a9YyQudwU4J2scMaBNOOnqogfIn5Qh4wzWZedQ5U8zCHJOO1AjIcswwGDnnyK3tL61uRVqb_IllMLsajSg5Dd-h2mE/s1600/Kubanochoerus-robustus-2016-738x591.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="738" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimCBqXi7tKvIAK94Ds1ZZRTBiuNH54xpg19sXYoll1L48kS0ep7a9YyQudwU4J2scMaBNOOnqogfIn5Qh4wzWZedQ5U8zCHJOO1AjIcswwGDnnyK3tL61uRVqb_IllMLsajSg5Dd-h2mE/s320/Kubanochoerus-robustus-2016-738x591.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The most spectacular of these Miocene pigs is <i>Kubanochoerus</i>, a 1,000 lb
pig from China, Russia and Kenya that infamously has a long, blunt horn in its
forehead. The unicorn pig is found in the Middle Miocene during this pig
flourishing, This horn is found in both sexes, which raises interesting
questions about its function. It seems to have died out in the dryer, grassier
climate of late Miocene.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Other giant pigs belonged to the plains dwelling browers, Tetraconodonts.
They first appear in the mid-Miocene and go extinct at the end of the Miocene.
<i>Tetraconodon </i>has nut (and possibly bone)-cracking teeth, living in open forests and parkland of Northern
India, Pakistan and Myanmar. <i>Sivachoereus </i>appearing in both Kenya and Myanmar
suggest this group originated in Africa and spread to Asia. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A purely African
genus, <i>Nyanzachoerus</i>, reached over 500 lbs and had a skull even lumbier and
wartier than warthogs today. It evolved into <i>Notochoerus</i>, which reached up to
1,000 lbs and survived until the end of the Pliocene. Our ancestors must have
seen these giant pigs, and given them a wide berth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Western Tetracondonts included the smaller
but still successful <i>Conohyus </i>and <i>Retroporcus</i>, which reached Europe and India
early but went extinct quickly compared to the African tetraconodonts.</span></div>
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The True Pig subfamily contains many species living today,
and many more that went extinct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span class="displaypanelheader"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The earliest
of the true pigs are the extinct late Miocene Hippohyids from China and India,
but the other groups appear in the Pliocene and still exist today.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj08zC5xaQBTtgxsP7UUs8Xs38OzBMxDWNR33R2Ubh4RXkkuOthOK4nFFnmzP-xg5z9M6ubhoiE9-nIh5yjBQqf-hGoD4BnHHfbXkqmnnWeqjej0iWgKzCFLpVW2TKRK8vLgiRgcvvh0Wg/s1600/metridiochoerus_by_ntamura_d1cq3uj-fullview.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="800" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj08zC5xaQBTtgxsP7UUs8Xs38OzBMxDWNR33R2Ubh4RXkkuOthOK4nFFnmzP-xg5z9M6ubhoiE9-nIh5yjBQqf-hGoD4BnHHfbXkqmnnWeqjej0iWgKzCFLpVW2TKRK8vLgiRgcvvh0Wg/s320/metridiochoerus_by_ntamura_d1cq3uj-fullview.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Warthogs are an African group that first appears in the
Pliocene, and include the 700 lb, four-tusked omnivorous <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Metridiochoerus</span></i><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">, the primitive southern </span><span class="displaypanelheader"><i>Potamochoeroides, </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">and Ethiopia’s <i>Stylochoerus. </i></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvqMdeMo5fwBGhQXjmNUl9BYic5xoCr-OqJAcWKuFAYcX7HaTgNx2Z0CjhPGq2PymmRVTmu2W4adgu_QlGoUxkfcwaLERXfAVbzyKQRCRqAb-4c70OzZHwGuEB0A7lXrWwx9feyhs5CW8/s1600/Celebochoerus-heekereni-738x591.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="591" data-original-width="738" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvqMdeMo5fwBGhQXjmNUl9BYic5xoCr-OqJAcWKuFAYcX7HaTgNx2Z0CjhPGq2PymmRVTmu2W4adgu_QlGoUxkfcwaLERXfAVbzyKQRCRqAb-4c70OzZHwGuEB0A7lXrWwx9feyhs5CW8/s320/Celebochoerus-heekereni-738x591.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One clade includes African Red River Hogs and Giant Forest
Hogs, but they were more widespread in the past-up to 500 lbs from the late
Miocene, <span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><i>Propotamochoerus </i>ranged
from the Mediterranean to Southeast Asia and north into China and Russia. The
Forest Hogs of Africa had a sister species in the denser forests, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><i>Kolpochoerus</i>-they went extinct as the
Pleistocene eliminated the forests. The giant-tusked, 700 lb </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><i>Celebochoerus
</i>lived in the islands of Southeast Asia but otherwise resembled the giant forest
hog.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Finally, we get to wild pig <i>Sus </i>and the nearly-extinct Pygmy hog of
India. Their tribe dates back 10 million years. </span>There’s the Italian
<i>Korynochoerus </i>with its giant zygomatic arches, the 600 lb, slender-snouted and
small tusked <i>Microstonyx </i>ranging from China to Spain, and the Pleistocene
<i>Hippopotamodon</i>, found in Britain, the Mediterranean, and Southeast Asia.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKHJgUJd8_NEu6OUSpnIpa8FELvAltEnDO_QJzoFXxQjxFF_een4CXTV6h737WDPGqS-LqY-KZYnQu1RRcG-C27g3V3-Qi8DSisEaT5TBPVorPgX-FxYqBek4C1c3swldGpKFrnmmz38E/s1600/Sus_strozzii_skeleton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="954" data-original-width="1600" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKHJgUJd8_NEu6OUSpnIpa8FELvAltEnDO_QJzoFXxQjxFF_een4CXTV6h737WDPGqS-LqY-KZYnQu1RRcG-C27g3V3-Qi8DSisEaT5TBPVorPgX-FxYqBek4C1c3swldGpKFrnmmz38E/s320/Sus_strozzii_skeleton.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The genus <i>Sus
</i>appears in the late Miocene, appearing in Greece, Georgia, Moldova, China,
Russia, Pakistan, Italy, Ukraine, Turkey and Lebanon. In the Pleistocene, <i>Sus
</i>began to diversify; there was a group of Chinese and Indochinese pig species,
while the long legged, 600 lb marsh-loving </span><i>Sus strozzi</i> lived in the
Mediterranean.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBdVpygdnw7ESCmXNZy5DwTVEUuhaUIrD0gSm0m4cxsMMz7ixhiU-x-jWyz5BNsYCn4j7zkQAgc1-oyrwdn9qu0QdiPpZI62IHTt63ArxylbZZODJmf2EodkkjcGS8-Pfjgl3YexZgTdI/s1600/C0036800-Cave_painting_of_a_boar%252C_artwork.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="559" data-original-width="800" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBdVpygdnw7ESCmXNZy5DwTVEUuhaUIrD0gSm0m4cxsMMz7ixhiU-x-jWyz5BNsYCn4j7zkQAgc1-oyrwdn9qu0QdiPpZI62IHTt63ArxylbZZODJmf2EodkkjcGS8-Pfjgl3YexZgTdI/s320/C0036800-Cave_painting_of_a_boar%252C_artwork.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i>Sus scrofa</i>, the wild boar of Eurasia and North Africa, is
the ancestor of the domestic pigs, being domesticated about 7,000 BC. It
appears that there were many independent domestications-in Turkey, in India, in Germany, in China, in
New Guinea, and in Cyprus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a wild
species, the wild boar displaced the previous Eurasian wild pigs, evolving in
Indonesia about 800,000 years ago then invading the mainland, overrunning and
outcompeting the most of the other pigs until it conquered Eurasia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indeed, the other members of the genus are
all indigenous to Indonesia and the Philippines.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPdzgrS0yEq9IJ4-vKcAxHHhhOYQAwk6c4EpkNiFr-VTT2chECLbKjOmMWzcUxz3gu-cUFGOeRUGS6ZmyLOyP288-WxDXtJskprkhfhVx20o73OA3iYLaoBL8c_4jXr629N0eaGveekpI/s1600/wildlife-pleistocene-era-6371315.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="600" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPdzgrS0yEq9IJ4-vKcAxHHhhOYQAwk6c4EpkNiFr-VTT2chECLbKjOmMWzcUxz3gu-cUFGOeRUGS6ZmyLOyP288-WxDXtJskprkhfhVx20o73OA3iYLaoBL8c_4jXr629N0eaGveekpI/s320/wildlife-pleistocene-era-6371315.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Wild boar has seen many strange creatures sharing its
habitat-the giant ape <i>Gigantopithecus</i>, Stegodont cousins of elephants, cave
bears, the Etruscan rhino, sabertooth cats, enormous steppe mammoths, European
jaguar, stag-moose, giant deer, giant beaver, aurochs (which were similarly
domesticated to cattle), other species of humans, early wolves, giant
straight-tusked elephants, giant hyena, dwarf elephants and dwarf hippos,
narrow-nosed rhinos, European ass and extinct species of horses, Merck’s rhino,
giant cheetah,giant tapir, and genera of prehistoric cattle</div>
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One last pig has no close fossil relatives: the bizarre
Babirusa, made of 4 species in Indonesia. This curly tusked pig is the most
basal of surviving suines, but has no direct connection to any fossil or other
extant species. </div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Pigs exploded
onto the scene 15 million years ago and still are among the most successful
large mammals of all time. They combine brains, brawn, and versatility. And
they’re going to be around for a long time. So let’s celebrate their history, and
their prehistory. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Another good
article on pig evolution: <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://synapsida.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-pig-family-fossil-pigs.html">https://synapsida.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-pig-family-fossil-pigs.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"><span class="MsoHyperlink">For more on mammal evolution, I recommend Mammoths, Sabertooths and Hominids, written by Jordi Agusti and illustrated by Mauricio Anton </span></span></div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-89563537255346346732018-10-29T18:10:00.002-07:002018-10-29T18:10:31.485-07:00Happy Birthday, OC Marsh.With apologies to Lin-Manuel Miranda:<br />
<br />
I see what's happening here<br /> You're face-to-face with genius and it's strange<br /> You don't even know how I looked.<br /> It's adorable!<br /> Well, it's nice to see undergraduates never change<br />
<br />
Open your eyes, let's begin<br /> Yes, it's really me,<br /> It's O.C.! Breathe it in<br /> I know it's a lot:<br /> The brain, the beard!<br /> Being me can be kinda weird<br />
<br />
What can I say except "You're welcome"<br /> For all the dinosaurs you know?<br /> Hey, it's OK, it's OK. You're welcome<br /> I'm just an ordinary kind of Joe!<br />
<br />
Hey, what has two thumbs and found Pteranodon<br /> When you still learning about Iguanodon?<br /> Me, son!<br />
<br />
When some horns got turned up, who found the Trike?<br /> You're looking at him, spike!<br />
<br />
Oh, also I found the first horse<br /> —you're welcome—<br /> And mapped its evolution of course<br /> Also, Apatosaurus is mine<br /> —You're welcome—<br /> Brontosaurus too if you’re kind<br />
<br />
So what can I say except "You're welcome"<br /> For the quarries you’ll use a century from now?<br /> This isn’t a play, it's OK,<br /> You're welcome<br /> I just was the first one to learn how<br />
<br />
You're welcome, you're welcome<br /> Well, come to think of it<br />
<br />
Kid, honestly the honor is mine<br /> I’ve dug in strata in every layer of time<br /> Mammal, reptile and birds<br /> I’ve even invented some new scientific words<br /> I found out Kansas was a sea<br /> Found all its fish with my lunch tea<br /> What's the lesson? What is the take-away?<br /> I leave Cope in the dust when I’m on the break-away<br />
<br />
And the Zallinger murals here in my U<br /> Are filled with the genera I have found too<br /> Look where I've been. I found fossils galore<br /> They’ll have to come back to my quarries if they want more<br /> Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, hey!<br />
Well, anyway, let me say you're welcome!<br /> For giving you a dinosaur bash<br />
<br /> Hey, it's OK, it's OK. You're welcome!<br /> Well, come to think of it, I could use the cash<br />
Hey, it's your day to say you're welcome!<br /> 'Cause I'm gonna need some funds<br /> I'm specimen myself. You're welcome!<br /> Cope and I have long been moribund!<br />
<br /> You're welcome, you're welcome<br />
And thank you!David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-51435615797779233832018-10-28T06:40:00.001-07:002018-10-28T06:45:24.545-07:00Dragon Day 2018: Top Ten Prehistoric Animals named after Dragons<div style="text-align: left;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Happy Dragon day, the fourth Sunday in October!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Wait a minute, you ask yourself, why are you talking about
mythical animals? Isn’t this blog about real animals? Why haven’t you posted
more often? </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">First of all, yes, I do need to post more often. Second, I
will talk about real animals. And finally, in reverse order, dragons are still
awesome and I still feel compelled to talk about mythical animals. Dinosaurs
have basically become the dragons to the 20<sup>th</sup> century. Watch a
dinosaur movie, look at a piece of art-these real animals get their most
bizarre and fearsome qualities played up. Dinosaurs fulfill the same narrative
device. Authors like Adrienne Mayor, Don Glut, and Allen Debus have all made
the parallel. Dinosaur bones were indeitifed with dragons, and dinosaurs have
been given dragonish qualities in art and literature from the very beginning. A
big scary reptile is going to look like a dragon, period.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">So, in honor of dragon day, inspired by Christopher
dePiazza’s amazing blog and art, <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://prehistoricbeastoftheweek.blogspot.com/2015/04/here-be-dragonsor-dinosaurs.html">http://prehistoricbeastoftheweek.blogspot.com/2015/04/here-be-dragonsor-dinosaurs.html</a></span>
, I am going to give you my top ten prehistoric animals named after Dragons! </span></div>
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2EteTBpc0Ar6rBTpIVXxsjATrcTsApCWpEcLVDFltK9vbm6kYmNc7xarq0wF3Mh010jvuOORI2PygkzA-X5NeWBxbPCccvquoyukuhCAG8VrVL5NbA-u95RAMKpkZIQurgeAsuI1sw4I/s1600/lingwulong.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1227" data-original-width="1600" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2EteTBpc0Ar6rBTpIVXxsjATrcTsApCWpEcLVDFltK9vbm6kYmNc7xarq0wF3Mh010jvuOORI2PygkzA-X5NeWBxbPCccvquoyukuhCAG8VrVL5NbA-u95RAMKpkZIQurgeAsuI1sw4I/s320/lingwulong.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">10. Lingwulong shenqi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Eventually I’ll get to dicreaosaurs, the bizarre
short-necked, whip-tailed sauropods that died out in the early Cretaceous.
Their origins and distribution have been a mystery. At first they seemed
restricted to Africa, but Amargasaurus and Brachytrachelopan in South America
and Suuwassea in North America extended their range. They seem to have been
late Jurassic for the most part, but Amargasaurus extends their range to the
early Cretaceous. And earlier this year, 2018, a new stunning discovery was
made: A Dicraeosaur not only in China of all places, but in the Middle
Jurassic, a time where China was dominated by more basal sauropods like
Omeiosaurus and Datousaurus. And not just the Middle Jurassic, but actually
predating the now-classic Dashanpu faunas. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like the first bird Anchiornis, this Chinese
dinosaur puts evolutionary trends earlier and in new locations. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It was discovered by a team of Chinese paleontologists led
by the great Xu Xing, who has described 50 other dinosaurs in his career. The
name means The Dragon of Lingwu, Lingwu being the main city in Ningxia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This unique dinosaur raises interesting ideas
about sauropod evolution, and I hope we find more on the Dicraeosaurs, where
they came from, and their extinction. </span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuI8oahMLU8AKXzhSFWyXvojz_G36maHxMmH54bZwiBDQNuHsRvAwKVrtIG9ndbIEgoB8-jhzWA-rCnLBl53NPZ8_Ni7nugjFyo6zHxBKoqkeCal3ZDPBaFwR8H90iUYnsFUYPugbSqr8/s1600/dilong_paradoxus_by_teratophoneus-d52xu8i.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="900" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuI8oahMLU8AKXzhSFWyXvojz_G36maHxMmH54bZwiBDQNuHsRvAwKVrtIG9ndbIEgoB8-jhzWA-rCnLBl53NPZ8_Ni7nugjFyo6zHxBKoqkeCal3ZDPBaFwR8H90iUYnsFUYPugbSqr8/s320/dilong_paradoxus_by_teratophoneus-d52xu8i.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">9. Dilong paradoxus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Xu loves his dragons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This one is another discovery of his, and another fascinating look at
the origins of dinosaur lineages. This one is from the most famous dinosaur
lineage: The Tyrannosaurs. Tyrannosaur origins have been a mystery for a long
time, with its coelurosaur affinities only confusing matters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Were they American based on Marshosaurus?
European like Proceratosaurus or Compsognathus? Even African?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When did they diverge?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 2004, however, there was a sudden explosion of theropod
discoveries in Liaoning. The Yixian Formation, an Early Cretaceous series of
beds, proved not to only have incredible diversity of theropod dinosaurs, but
perfectly preserved their skeletons up to their feathers. These discoveries
were instrumental in learning about coelurosaur evolution in general and bird
evolution in particular.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the
Yixian theropods was Dilong, and in 2004, it was the earliest Tyrannosauroid. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In Chinese astrology and traditional worship, elements,
seasons, and the forces of nature are manifested as dragons. In accordance to
Taoist symmetry, the Heavenly Tianlong has a counterpart, the Earth Dragon
Dilong. The word Dilong has later been used for more mundane uses, such as the
serpentine earthworm. This humble invertebrate is given the dragon’s poetic
name.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With a dragonlike dinosaur found
buried in the earth, the name Dilong encapsulates its significance.
Tyrannosaurs have invoked dragons ever since their discovery, and Dilong seemed
to be the very first one. </span><br />
<br />
</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQUKpJ10vXqiwi2uBKOKWT94LPrtCb3m_BeCCeoFISjEit_gRWoP3l0X5f7zs3556G_Kph06b4JKIaL78qM0sVFHysix-t4vxp4J_zSAo5Pyv-0CXFsIpyfDEwRo_gn0Nyr4XawsRbPJ4/s1600/yinlong-by-darren-pepper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="618" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQUKpJ10vXqiwi2uBKOKWT94LPrtCb3m_BeCCeoFISjEit_gRWoP3l0X5f7zs3556G_Kph06b4JKIaL78qM0sVFHysix-t4vxp4J_zSAo5Pyv-0CXFsIpyfDEwRo_gn0Nyr4XawsRbPJ4/s320/yinlong-by-darren-pepper.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">8. Yinlong downsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Another primitive animal described by Xu also gets a dragon
name. In this case, it’s a ceratopsian. The Asian origins of the family were
established first by Roy Chapman Andrews’ Protoceratops and Psitaccosaurus,
described by Henry Fairfield Osborn in the 1920s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, it looks like the lineage dried up.
There seemed to be nothing before 130 mya, and no predecessors in the
Jurassic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As Gargoyleosaurus and
Myrmoorapelta solved Ankylosaur origins in the Jurassic, a new ceratopsian would
push the Ceratopsians back, too. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Through the 1990s, expeditions to the Shishugouo formation
have found it a strong bed of Jurassic Dinosaurs, a good supplement to the
classic Dashanpu Formation. A Chinese-American expedition in 2006 found more
good material from there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Xu Xing,
Catherine Forster, Jim Clark, and Mo Jinyou found a particularly interesting
little animal there: Yinlong.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yinlong is
represented by a nearly complete skeleton, allowing for good anatomical
comparisons with other dinosaurs. In this case, the body follows the basal ornithiscian
plan seen in animals like Othnielosaurus. However, the skull is unique: The
triangular head, the beak, the large attachments for jaw muscles, and most
importantly the large squamosal bone in the back and the beginnings of the
rostral bone unique to ceratopsians.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This discovery seemingly came out of no
where-so Xu and company decided on a pun name. The film Crouching Tiger, Hidden
Dragon had been a huge international hit, so this unexpected dinosaur became
called Yinlong-the hidden dragon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkp_aNfOLcOCvCshBhSPsUAkNeF-ZCPTs_XJMj95bEM2LT_8pghk2HwjlWmE7PpQguOOV3tUfvIVgDGGYfeMbgeDBCjPAMQ4JLfODGQVMQgCqg3ZgvxTzJZr2Tde3g_7p9LYnFJRmI1t0/s1600/hippodraco_scutodens_by_kana_hebi-dbhqfx8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="800" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkp_aNfOLcOCvCshBhSPsUAkNeF-ZCPTs_XJMj95bEM2LT_8pghk2HwjlWmE7PpQguOOV3tUfvIVgDGGYfeMbgeDBCjPAMQ4JLfODGQVMQgCqg3ZgvxTzJZr2Tde3g_7p9LYnFJRmI1t0/s320/hippodraco_scutodens_by_kana_hebi-dbhqfx8.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">7. Hippodraco scutodens</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Change of pace: we’re going to North America, and looking at
Greek names. Iguanodonts aren’t new to the Americas-the discovery of Iguanodon
lakotaensis in 1989 (now Dakotadon) shook up the paradigm. But a 2010 discovery
showed a sudden change in what we knew about their diversity. Iguanodon itself
was split into various species over the years, and two very different genera
were discovered in Utah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One was the
massive, long-limbed Iguanocolossus, and the other the small, slender
Hippodraco.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Hippodraco was discovered in the Cedar Mountain Formation, a
very rich fossil formation from Utah and described by a team consisting of
Andrew T. McDonald, James I. Kirkland, Donald D. DeBlieux, Scott K. Madsen,
Jennifer Cavin, Andrew R. C. Milner, and Lukas Panzarin. Hippodraco is a small,
basal Iguanodont, only 15 feet long and similar to Colorado’s later
Theiophytalia. They seem to represent the existence of more basal animals in
the Early Cretaceous, midway between Jurassic Uteodon and Camptosaurus and the bigger,
more derived Hadrosauriforms from Eurasia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As of now, there is a slab from Utah currently being studied containing
not only another Hippodraco, but several Utahraptor of various ages. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHiARgIK5uuTRl9jqUCJQjUGdbnv_pAfPidMs5QbjZgAJgdxUQykUQ9iOnOWYM3mey5rvn0GNAkCROgPfBPSVbI5f87prj3e20gS7BjgPGBxz2u1wECCAux9UvlxGTdJVzjw05yuc0KeE/s1600/guanlong.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="639" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHiARgIK5uuTRl9jqUCJQjUGdbnv_pAfPidMs5QbjZgAJgdxUQykUQ9iOnOWYM3mey5rvn0GNAkCROgPfBPSVbI5f87prj3e20gS7BjgPGBxz2u1wECCAux9UvlxGTdJVzjw05yuc0KeE/s320/guanlong.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">6. Guanlong wucaii</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">For the last Xu-described animal, we’re following up Dilong.
Only two years after the most basal Tyrannosaur in Asia had been found, a new
animal was discovered. The same Chinese-American team that discovered Yinlong
also discovered the ancestor to Dilong and the entire Tyrannosaur lineage<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the Shishougo Formation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Guanlong is a Proceratosaur, an almost entirely Eurasian
group of Jurassic Coelurosaurs ancestral to the Tyrannosaurs. This family still
has 3 fingers on the hand, and magnificent crests on the head, and Guanlong has
both traits. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Guanlong pushed the date of
Tyrannosaur evolution even further than before to the late Jurassic, and before
the other coelurosaurs had branched off into their own families.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The name Guanlong means Crowned Dragon, referring to the
great head crest that stretches from the eyes and the nostrils and is as high
as the skull itself. I must say that the Chinese-American team came up with the
perfect name for this flashy little ancestor of great tyrant kings.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpbyb3-l7mL8gmp-mhmx1YQDK0BLWwoi-jgIVbi9iBGypd8TcGpy6yADZBh4IUVlcUTwnPjQAXeMoIkZCzJe-9xRgkwFPl4uB7iy_n7dRumW9x5StHBZF_JvmpHyeHbzupSHON3AJhaHg/s1600/azhdarcho_lres_by_olorotitan-d66muhd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="1000" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpbyb3-l7mL8gmp-mhmx1YQDK0BLWwoi-jgIVbi9iBGypd8TcGpy6yADZBh4IUVlcUTwnPjQAXeMoIkZCzJe-9xRgkwFPl4uB7iy_n7dRumW9x5StHBZF_JvmpHyeHbzupSHON3AJhaHg/s320/azhdarcho_lres_by_olorotitan-d66muhd.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">5. Azhdarcho lanicollis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">For most of my life, I only knew of publications before in
1974. What I mean by that is that I only knew pterosaurs as Dimetrodontids,
Rhamphorhynchids, and Pterodactylids. The first had big heads and ate bugs, the
second were long tailed, small Jurassic animals, and the third had tiny tails
but took over the Cretaceous as giant toothless fishers. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The famous giant pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus was </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">portrayed at a small-crested scavenging Pteranodon. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Then Soviet scientist Lev A Nesov discovered a new pterosaur
in Uzbekistan. It genuinely puzzled him the same way Quetzalcoatlus had puzzled
Lawson. It seemed to be a marine animal, but the long stiff neck was hard to
explain. Still in the Pteranodon Paradigm, Nesov proposed it was a skimmer, but
identified it as a close king to Quetzalcoatlus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He named it Azhdarcho, after Azdaha, Persian
for Dragon. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 2008 or so, pterosaur workers like Mark Witton and Darren
Naish had accumulated enough Azhdarchid material to conclude that these animals
emerged from other Pterodactyloids in the middle Cretaceous and assumed a new
niche. The biggest of these, including Quetzalcoatlus, were most likely
generalists that also hunted on land for smaller animals, but could easily feed
on fish or carrion if necessary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Azhdarcho would have lived on the islands and bays that made up Central Asia
90 Million years ago, hunting small animals, fish, and dinosaurs. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9wGCEJ3-4SzHoS6iIi0r75HGErCqRUX7f2TKu205zyaM852WkgbOr6v5iJZa08d-_nYkq97UC1iC68T-LvU1oVOilUUzCcH1gXFvLe21VZ9V74EorbclZ5GVMKTu06BYzmvuEiyKF48I/s1600/dracorex+bakker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="186" data-original-width="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9wGCEJ3-4SzHoS6iIi0r75HGErCqRUX7f2TKu205zyaM852WkgbOr6v5iJZa08d-_nYkq97UC1iC68T-LvU1oVOilUUzCcH1gXFvLe21VZ9V74EorbclZ5GVMKTu06BYzmvuEiyKF48I/s1600/dracorex+bakker.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">4. Dracorex hogwartsia</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the least understood and strangest groups of
dinosaurs are the Pachycephalosaurs. These thick-skulled animals of the
Cretaceous North have been poorly studied and represented-they’re rare. We
don’t know how they used their domes, why their tails are unique, why their
torsos are large and round, or even if the skull changed shape during
individual growth</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the most controversial animals is Dracorex. Dracorex
was discovered in 2004, in South Dakota. What we do know about this animal is
that it is nearly an adult but still not fully grown, it’s about 8 feet long,
and that it was found in the Hell Creek Formation where animals like
Triceratops, Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus and Torosaurus have also been
known.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would be among the last of the
dinosaurs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The unique thing about it is
the flat skull, lacking the dome of other Pachycephalosaurs but still having
long horns on the back of the head.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Aside from the flat skull and controversial status as other
paleontologists have insisted it is a juvenile of Pachycephalosaurus, it’s most
notable for its name: Dracorex, the dragon king. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hopefully someday we’ll get some definitive
evidence for or against Dracorex. I’m leaning that it is valid-the people
behind the lumping have an agenda against dinosaur biodiversity at the end of
the Cretaceous. Besides, that name is too cool to lose. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. Dracovenator regenti</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The early Jurassic period is little-understood. Oftentimes
it’s ignored-Walking With Dinosaurs jumped right from Coelophysis to
Allosaurus, skipping over 120 million years. The only dinosaur people remember
from that time is DIlophosaurus, and that’s only because of the success of the
Jurassic Park novel and film. Crichton wanted a weird animal with venom (which
was a fringe theory even back then), Spielberg made it look and act even
weirder, and so on. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">I do plan on making a blog about the Elliot beds. A wide
variety of animals are known, especially sauropodomorphs. The prosauropod
Massospondylus is particularly well known and represented, having been
discovered as far back as 1854.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However,
what the top predator was has been unknown. The biggest predator known for
years was Megapnosaurus (sometimes called Syntarsus or conflated with
Coelophysis)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Appropriately enough, this top predator was found in the
Drakensburg Mountains by South African paleontologists James Kitching and
Regent Huma in the 1980s. It was only in 2006 that the material was identified
as a new, relatively giant theropod by Adam Yates (check out his blogs <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://dracovenator.blogspot.com/">http://dracovenator.blogspot.com/</a></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://gondwanafragment.blogspot.com/ ).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The material is scanty, but firmly places it
as a Dilophosaur, the first family of large predatory dinosaurs. Along with
North America’s Dilophosaurus, Asia’s Sinosaurus, and Antarctica’s
Crylophosaurus, Dracovenator would have been the largest terrestrial carnivore,
reaching almost 1,000 lbs. It would have been a predator of the many
sauropodomorphs of that locale-the name Dracovenator, dragon hunter, not only
locates it as from the Drakensburg, but also identifies it as a predator of
giant dinosaurs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. Ankalagon saurognathus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Among these dragons…is a mammal. I suppose Falcor from the
Neverending Story counts as a dragon, then a mammal counts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Let’s start in the Paleocene. The dinosaurs are gone, and
now mammals are filling all the niches. But what about top predators? Well,
there’s the Panzer Crocs, as I’ve written about before, but still relatively
rare. There’s the Diatryamas, but Gastornis is at least an omnivore, possibly a
herbivore, and not cursorial at all. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Enter the Ungulates. The first ungulates were small
omnivores, and one family diverged into predators, the Mesonychids. One of them,
Dissacus, was made of several species, came in numerous sizes, and found on
multiple continents. One specimen of Dissacus, AMNH 2454 was bigger than usual,
but simply put into a new species, D. saurognathus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1980, Leigh Van Valen took a look at it, and
realized it was a new genus. Further expeditions to its location in New
Mexico’s Nacimiento formation found more specimens: it was enormous. The sheer
size of it led Van Valen to conclude it was a 300-500 lb animal. He named it
Ankalagon, after Ancalagon the Black, Morgoth’s deadly firedrake from Tolkien’s
epic The Silmarillion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The genus
Ancalagon had inexplicably already been taken by a Cambrian worm, so he changed
the spelling. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Ankalagon would have been the top predator, as only
conventional crocodiles and smaller Mesonychids have been found in that
ecosystem. The common herbivore was the sheep-sized Pantolambda, which would
have been easy prey: good motivation to evolve into the much larger Barylambda</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. Smok wawelski</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">My number one pick is a terrifying enigma from Triassic
Poland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Back in the Triassic, before the
great dinosaur predators, the top predators that had succeeded the Permian
gorgons were the Archosaurs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’ve
already discussed Teratosaurus a few years ago, and I’ll discuss more in future
articles, but this one is particularly interesting.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">A University of Warsaw dig near Lisowice, Poland uncovered a
fragmented skull, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Paleobiology,_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences (page does not exist)">ZPAL</a> V.33/15.
They concluded it was a large theropod, perhaps related to Liliensternus or
Halticosaurus. Nicknamed “The dragon of Lisowice”, it was assumed to be a basal
tetanuran, ancestor to the later top predators of the Mesozoic. Further excavation
discovered ribs, vertebrae, the pelvis, humeri, radii, and femurs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The discover was compounded: this was a 20-foot
apex predator, but what was it? The anatomy shared features of both theropod
dinosaurs and raiuisuchians, but had features that excluded it from either.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 2012, <cite><span style="font-style: normal;">Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki described the animal-the basal archosaur was
called Smok wawelski. The name refers to a legendary dragon of Krakow. A 13th
bishop of Krakow, </span></cite><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Wincenty
Kadłubek, told the tale that Wawel Hill was once haunted by a monster,a fire
breathing dragon who demanded the livestock of the people of Krakow…or their lives.
The 8<sup>th</sup> century King Krakus of Poland appointed his sons Lech and
Krakus II to dispatch the monster. The brothers realized their swords and
lances could not harm the creature, and they would be slain by the dragon’s
flames, so they instead stuffed a calf’s skin with sulfur and fed it to the
dragon as a show of submission. The sulfur ignited inside the dragon’s stomach,
killing him. The happy ending is ruined the brothers quarreled amongst themselves-who
murdered who depends on the version of the story you read, but it winds up with
the murderer claiming the dragon slew his brother and then being exiled when
the truth eventually is discovered. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Hopefully further discoveries will establish what this
creature really is, as well as its environment (an unnamed giant dicynodont was
also discovered nearby). Smok represents the Triassic as an age of archosaurs, who
would go on to rule the Mesozoic on land, sea, and sky and today still hold
domain over water and air. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Honorable mentions: Draconyx. Pantydraco, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Xingxiulong</span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the early sauropodomorphs, Bolong the small
basal hadrosauroid, Dracopelta the Jurassic European Ankylosaur, Dracoraptor
the early Jurassic Coelophysid, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Anhuilong</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Huangshanlong
the big sauropods</span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Jianianhualong
the early Troodont, </span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Yunmenglong</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, Qiaowanlong and Yongjinglong</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Titanosaurs, the relatively
small sauropod Qijianglong, the last ornithomimid in Asia Qiupalong, the small
Asian carcharodontosaurs <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Datanglong</span></span>
and<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Shaochilong, the Chinese
polacanthine Taohelong, the furry Heterodontosaur Tianyulong, the last Asian
Oviraptor Tongtianlong, the oviraptors <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Beibeilong</span></span>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Wulatelong, the early hadrosauroids </span>Datonglong<b><i>
, </i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Yunganglong, Zuoyulong</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
Xuwulong, the early Tyrannosaur Xiongguanlong, the mysterious maniraptoran
Balaaur, the Iguanodont Zhanghenglong, the Dromeosaur Zhenyuanlong, the
primitive Coelurosaur Zuolong, the giant ornithomimosaur <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Beishanlong, the Ankylosaur </span></span><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Chuanqilong, the
Priapulid worm Ancalagon, and the fishing pterosaurs Ikrandraco and Dawndraco. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Prehistory truly
was a time of dragons-they may have not been the fire-breathing monsters of the
human imagination, but they were every bit as fearsome and awe-inspiring. Happy
dragon day! </span></span></div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-29245300845338809682018-08-28T12:02:00.000-07:002018-08-28T12:02:06.815-07:00Species That Don't Get Enough Publicity #14: Achillobator giganteus <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Dromeosaurs are one of the last dinosaur groups to really
become superstars. In the 80s, Deinonychus was the most popular dinosaur: a
unique sprinter, jumper, kicker, gangster. A well-armed social hunter,
Deinonychus mobbing and dismembering their prey became a defining image of the
new “hot blood” look of dinosaurs as science finally came to terms with
dinosaur endothermy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When Michael
Crichton gave them the name of Velociraptor and Steven Spielberg put them on
screen in the most terrifying depiction of any dinosaur, they became
superstars.</div>
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Immediately after the release of the film, a new giant
dromaeosaur was discovered: Utahraptor. Utahraptor showed that Deinonychus was
no longer the earliest or largest dromaeosaur. Earlier dromaeosaurs have since
been found, but not larger ones. At over 1,000 lbs, Utahraptor remains the
largest (and most famous) of the dromaeosaurs. In the 2010s, a new giant raptor
has made headlines. Extremely rare, Dakotaraptor finally allows for the fantasy
“Utahraptor meets Tyrannosaurus” scenarios dinosaur fans have dreamed of for 20
years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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But there are two other giant raptors, two big dromaeosaurs
that have been found and ignored by popular culture. One I will deal with later
along with its family, but today I will talk about Velociraptor’s giant
predecessor in Mongolia: Achillobator.</div>
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In 1989 a Soviet-Mongolian expedition was collecting in <span class="displaypanelheader">Burkhant, Dornogovi, part of the </span>Bayan Shireh
formation. This mysterious expedition (nothing on it exists on this side of the
paywall) collected turtles, fragments of sauropods, azdarchid pterosaurus, and
a mysterious new theropod. This theropod was a disarticulated fragmentary
skeleton-left maxilla with teeth, 11 vertebrae, bits of rib, a scapula and coracoid,
the right half of the pelvis, a radius,, a left femur and tibia, and an
incomplete foot and hand. </div>
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10 years later, increased Mongolian ties with the American
Museum of Natural History caused their leading dinosaur paleontologists Mark
Norell and Jim Clark to examine the remains together with the great Mongolian
paleontologist <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Altangerel Perle. They
concluded it was a new dromaeosaur-a big one, the biggest one since Utahraptor.
They named it Achillobator: Achillo- refers to the large heel but also works
with the -bator. Achilles was also the Greek hero that the heel was named
after, while bataar/baattur is Mongolian for hero. </span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qWxgEhA3RRJZeDBUzuelDzuKOGiRle8ZAtpsHdX_J_M6g578uivGT9OUEAfowZubi7vTGrCI9EQ2_cOSQHlLnKGIEId5wyZXYyDrNfwtixprdjNN8C7p3r1bP7e17wkuzDhdnP3TcIM/s1600/AchillobatorSkeleton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="640" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6qWxgEhA3RRJZeDBUzuelDzuKOGiRle8ZAtpsHdX_J_M6g578uivGT9OUEAfowZubi7vTGrCI9EQ2_cOSQHlLnKGIEId5wyZXYyDrNfwtixprdjNN8C7p3r1bP7e17wkuzDhdnP3TcIM/s320/AchillobatorSkeleton.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Achillobator was unusual for Mongolian dromaeosaurs. Other
species like Adasaurus and Velociraptor were much smaller, and similar to the
North American species like Dromaeosaurus and Deinonychus. The pelvis is
shockingly different-the pubis is like that of a Tyrannosaur, jutting straight
down with a large “boot” at the end, while all other dromaeosaurs have a
birdlike pubis that curves along with the ischium. A team of theropod workers
including Burnham, Ostrom, Bakker, Currie, Zhou and Destier considered it a
possible chimera in their paper on Bambiraptor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Norell took their criticisms in hand and further examination proved him
right-Some of the bones were still articulated, the bones were of the same
color, and every cladistic analysis he and Mackovicky applied still kept
Achillobator as a dromaeosaur, no matter how primitive the pelvis was. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAllaKBtolD54bFdNUZ6Lzxb6tZvzXGI7vMAhrlcNJmAKtxLPjrauZUVRZBWyLDw7ZA53LwQ4AGHL-UVPM5DrePOGm-1gGZecq5lwcdBc4_s7q_28ja4I2KLBJLUZgt7m3xBcMfIMqPSI/s1600/achillobator-size.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="272" data-original-width="608" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAllaKBtolD54bFdNUZ6Lzxb6tZvzXGI7vMAhrlcNJmAKtxLPjrauZUVRZBWyLDw7ZA53LwQ4AGHL-UVPM5DrePOGm-1gGZecq5lwcdBc4_s7q_28ja4I2KLBJLUZgt7m3xBcMfIMqPSI/s320/achillobator-size.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Aside from the pelvis, Achillobator is unique in terms of
size. Other dromaeosaurs of the region-Adasaurus, Velociraptor,
Luanchuanraptor, Zhenyuanglong, etc, were only about 2 meters in length and
less than 20 kg. Judging by the known material of Achillobator and comparing it
to those relatives, the animal could have been as long as 6 meters and 350 kg.
This would make it larger than Austroraptor, about the same size as
Dakotaraptor and second only to the 500 kg Utahraptor. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In build, it’s more robust than Dakotaraptor,
but still not as robust as Utahraptor.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGD_FV0QmU4ICkYEkUzY4HI3NdUIgTzrCdLZEizuJovXeveifx4P9puyLCNMCVGCrmpS6EWnbRFS8p-keexsaA16WR4PKvXQPIMHWcfarS7PaVqzSnQCv8dt3VAgygzFyhjumWGtxdZ48/s1600/achillobator_giganticus.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGD_FV0QmU4ICkYEkUzY4HI3NdUIgTzrCdLZEizuJovXeveifx4P9puyLCNMCVGCrmpS6EWnbRFS8p-keexsaA16WR4PKvXQPIMHWcfarS7PaVqzSnQCv8dt3VAgygzFyhjumWGtxdZ48/s320/achillobator_giganticus.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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As a Dromaeosaur, Achillobator would have had a full coat of
plumage, even on the tip of the tail and with nonfunctional wings. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would have a long snout full of curved,
serrated teeth, long talons on the hand, and a single giant talon on each foot.
The tail would be long and stiff, and the legs and neck flexible and agile.
Dromaeosaurs <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were not as cursorial as
other coelurosaurs, but maneuverable and agile, built for quick motions,
ducking, dodging, leaping. Achillobator itself has a longer femur than tibia,
and may not have been agile as even Dakotaraptor. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Paleoartist Mark Witton has an intriguing
speculation that Achillobator could have been a badger-like digger hunting
mammals and small ornithiscians (art below)</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc8oX3CNrgJdsjQXYGh245FHzQXgvsx3sXNl19x_0adnZRRjfLqMYkam6DNppHgOldbaxqaL5Qa90X2C8_mxt3Syi6xGca6inioY6sxCL2bRjaibmFj5sYY3Hoh-H5Dh4NZ8qQT1GsLSM/s1600/Achillobator+Witton+2015+low+res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1050" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc8oX3CNrgJdsjQXYGh245FHzQXgvsx3sXNl19x_0adnZRRjfLqMYkam6DNppHgOldbaxqaL5Qa90X2C8_mxt3Syi6xGca6inioY6sxCL2bRjaibmFj5sYY3Hoh-H5Dh4NZ8qQT1GsLSM/s320/Achillobator+Witton+2015+low+res.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The use of the hand and foot claws has been debated: they
could have been used for stabbing, slashing, climbing, or nothing at all.
Unfortunately, the foot claws of Achillobator are missing. Using Dakotaraptor
as a model, the inner toe claw would be 6 inches long. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9d_4EPOirZt-Vhz6hOKAOgOHt5105XrJuMShKxIn6ncFVoY4JjLPAnLXUVreZTn04JSuPirUTOAaER_EHvJpUsM8JX5DS42A9i_w5fqj_r30_X8qfI1S0E5_TVfckCGGJ58xf_txWQqg/s1600/achillobator_giganticus_by_kana_hebi-dae3zhi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="1024" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9d_4EPOirZt-Vhz6hOKAOgOHt5105XrJuMShKxIn6ncFVoY4JjLPAnLXUVreZTn04JSuPirUTOAaER_EHvJpUsM8JX5DS42A9i_w5fqj_r30_X8qfI1S0E5_TVfckCGGJ58xf_txWQqg/s320/achillobator_giganticus_by_kana_hebi-dae3zhi.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Achillobator is a dromeosaurine-in Dromeosaurinae, it is
more derived than the earlier Deinonychus and later Atrociraptor, but still
less derived than the earlier Utahraptor and later Dromaeosaurus and
Dakotaraptor. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dromaeosaurinae is defined
by boxier, wider skulls, teeth serrated on both sides, and shorter and more
powerful legs for jumping rather than running.</div>
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Dating Achillobator is difficult: the Bayan Shireh formation
stretches 98 to 83 million years, 15 million years in length. Why this
formation is so difficult to date is unclear-it seems to be a problem with the
amount of magnetic material, Potassium, Argon, Lead and Uranium in the rock, as
well as the deposition of the strata itself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This 15 million years encompasses
4 geologic ages: The Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian and Santonian. This is a
general problem with other Mongolian Strata: The overlying Iren Dabasu
formation ranged from 85 to 70 million years ago. So the two species assigned
to Alectrosaurus may prove to either be the same, or belong to Tyrannosaurs
separated by 30 million years. </div>
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The Bayan Shireh is similar in environment to the
contemporary wetlands-The Moreno Hill, Upper Cedar Mountain and Wahwheap
Formations in North America, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
Bahariya formation in Africa, and the Candeleros, Lissandro, Portezuelo and
Bajo de La Carpa Formations <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in South
America. The upper Cretaceous for the most part was very wet, only with some
parts of Mongolia and the Americas drying out in deserts in the Campanian.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSnNDQ9O_4A8G3lL-6A4BYhd-GW5JYS36sOWihhZfCmev7bKPkRRWETknlTHuHeW-FrJHoD7PIJpHvSPaMl-Y5R-dM1hQmszArYPxrcE1cXsBhEsmQxrULpLMAPDrQ-9V5nYkcKcoxaGI/s1600/bayan_shireh_formation__fauna__no_color__by_spinosking-daw2eyl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="617" data-original-width="1024" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSnNDQ9O_4A8G3lL-6A4BYhd-GW5JYS36sOWihhZfCmev7bKPkRRWETknlTHuHeW-FrJHoD7PIJpHvSPaMl-Y5R-dM1hQmszArYPxrcE1cXsBhEsmQxrULpLMAPDrQ-9V5nYkcKcoxaGI/s320/bayan_shireh_formation__fauna__no_color__by_spinosking-daw2eyl.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Achillobator was one of the main predators of the ecosystem,
sharing the role with the small Tyrannosaur Alectrosaurus. Alectrosaurus’ close
anatomical similarities in both the Bayan Shireh and Iren Dabsu indicates
possibly a later date for the Bayan Shireh, closer to 80 mya than 100.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prey would have consisted of the undescribed
sauropod’s young, the small ceratopsians Graciloceratops and Microceratus, the
Therizinosaurs Erlikosaurus, Enigmosaurus, and Segnosaurus, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Ornithomimid Garudrimimus, and probably
early Hadrosauromorphs and Oviraptors. The environment also contained azdarchid
pterosaurs and the ankylosaurs Talarurus, Tsagantegia and Maleevus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hopefully more of the Bayan Shireh and Achillobator in
particular will be found. It’s this mystery that prevents it from reaching the
fame of the even bigger Utahraptor, and the “contemporary-with-T.rex”
Dakotaraptor, let alone the complete Velociraptor and Deinonychus. The late
date of discovery doesn’t help either-while it would fit the size of the
“Velociraptor” in Jurassic Park, Deinonychus was the species referred to in the
novel and Velociraptor in the film and publicity material.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Achillobator is one of the many dromaeosaurs
overshadowed by the main 5 genera in pop culture, especially since the Bayan
Shireh isn’t particularly diverse or late, with smaller animals than South
America,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in a country without the media
of North America. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">So anyway,
Hollywood, give this guy a break. Museums, put him on display. Toy companies,
here’s a new fresh face. Authors, think about the crap you’re writing and how
this genus could perk up the place. And remember, shop Achillobator where you
work or play.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-59780901953984099072018-07-10T08:44:00.000-07:002018-07-10T08:45:38.339-07:00Movie Review: Dinosaurus! (1960)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Today’s movie review is about an odd little 1960 film. At
first glance, it’s a typical kid’s adventure film mixed with some horror
elements. On the other hand, it’s a pile of tired clichés with many depressing
and dark moments. It’s an odd little movie, and it’s worth a look. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s not part of my childhood, but it
certainly was for a lot of people. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
is the Jack Harris-Irvin Yeaworth collaboration Dinosaurus! (the exclamation
point is theirs). Thankfully there is a rifftrax for this film, so I’ve added
their best jokes when appropriate. </div>
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The setting isn’t clear, but considering how it was filmed
on St. Croix, the US Virgin Islands probably would make sense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We have our Wonderbread-white American leads
surrounded by nonspeaking black and Latino extras, as part and parcel of
contemporary films set in that region. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
opening credits underwater (“And we had the u and the s lying around, so we’re
sure as hell gonna use ‘em” “Dinosaurus: the laziest mutant hybrid the Asylum
ever created” “Next on Scyfy! Dinosaurus vs Crocogator”) , our story begins
with blasting. You see, our hero is <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BART THOMPSON
(played by Ward Ramsey in his first role ever). With his sidekicks the
similarly square-jawed Chuck (the prolific TV actor Paul Lukather) and the
aptly-named Dumpy (</span>Wayne C. Treadway in his last film role).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wouldn’t it be something if the hunky hero
was named Dumpy and the dumpy guy named Bart Thompson? They’re a construction
crew building a bay on the island. </div>
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Betty Piper (Kristina Hanson in her first film role), the
token blonde love interest for Bart boats in with sandwiches for the boys, but
wanders into the blasting zone and knocked into the water. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Naturally Bart has to save her (“That’s nice,
she drowns and he cops a feel”), naturally they bicker, and she storms back to
pick up her lost cargo. That’s when she meets the dinosaurs. Naturally she
faints and Bart saves her again, and now the plot begins. The antagonist enters
the picture, Mike Hacker (<span class="itemprop">Fred Engelberg in his first and
last credited role), and he butts heads with Bart. Bart demands workers, Hacker
blames the delays on Bart. The discovery of the dinosaurs, however, inspires
Hacker to order the team to haul up the dinosaurs. </span></div>
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Like with many dinosaur and kaiju movies in the 50s and 60s,
there is a child. Hacker’s adopted and abused son Julio (Alan Roberts, already
a veteran child actor in his only credited film role) is interested in the dinosaurs,
constantly asking Bart about them and then showing Bart his Marx toy dinosaurs.
He rattles off the exposition-Brontosaurus is the gentle herbivore,
Tyrannosaurus is the scary carnivore and predator (“Hey idiot, they lived 70
million years apart! Send a boxtop for a clue next time!”).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hacker, drunk and harassing his girlfriend
Chica (Lucita Blain), smashes the toys and harangues Bart again. Distraught,
Julio flees into the jungle. Of note, Hacker dresses in a white panama suit and
hat and speaks in a French accent. A Frenchman named Hacker in 20<sup>th</sup>
century St. Croix? I’m starting to think the filmmakers aren’t familiar with
non-Anglo-American ethnicities.</div>
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The requisite tropical storm rolls in (“That’s just God
having flashbacks to Encino Man”), the lightning naturally striking the two
frozen dinosaurs, naturally waking them up. I’m saying naturally a lot,
probably because I’m familiar with these kinds of lazy film clichés. Meanwhile,
Hacker and his comical henchmen Mousy and Jasper discover a third prehistoric
animal-a Neanderthal man (Prolific character actor and WW2 veteran Greg
Martell).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They hope to put him on
display for money (never mind the US government) but he escapes. </div>
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Speaking of “Comic relief”, a stereotypical Irish drunk
O’Leary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(James Logan) is assigned to
oversee the dinosaurs, and is terrorized by the Neanderthal and killed by the
Tyrannosaurus (due to arming himself with dynamite…then throwing it to the
side). Such is the fate of all stereotypes in a monster movie. The explosion of
the dynamite gets Bart’s attention-with Julio and the dinosaurs (excellent name
for a rock band) gone, Bart and company as well as Hacker and company go
hunting for the missing ones.</div>
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Each of the animals goes their own way-Tyrannosaurus eats a
tour bus full of people (“Well, Mr. Spielberg has some explaining to do!”),
Brontosaurus meets and befriends Julio (who shoos him off when Tyrannosaurus
appears “I’m doing it! I’m only one sauropod!”), and the Neanderthal man finds
the rather opulent home of Doctor and his wife (the doctor is never seen and
his wife only appears for a brief facial mask gag). These are the best scenes
in the film-it’s adorable to see a boy and a dinosaur hang out, the
Tyrannosaurus attack is well-shot and suspenseful, and the Neanderthal’s
hijinks trying to figure out 20<sup>th</sup> century technology and culture are
actually pretty funny.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Fortunately for Julio, he meets the Neanderthal.
Unfortunately for him, so does Hacker (“Nobody expects the moron inquisition!”).
Julio talks the prehistoric man out of killing Hacker, so instead Hacker is
defeated with a pie in the face.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the
two run off and ride off on the Brontosaurus, Bart and Betty finally arrive at
the house. As they pursue, Tyrannosaurus turns and attacks Betty. Naturally she
trips (“Fall once and she’s like a turtle on her back”) and naturally the
Tyrannosaurus picks her up. With Bart busy getting Dumpy, Chuck and their jeep
(another good rock band name), it’s up for the Neanderthal to rescue Betty and
hurry off to an abandoned mine with her.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Tyrannosaurus then attacks the Brontosaurus, badly wounding it.</div>
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The caveman, jumping into 50s male stereotype mode,
automatically demands for Betty to cook a rabbit he kills. Betty, naturally, is
a bit leery about the whole amorous prehistoric man situation (“Hey 1960s, what
the hell is wrong with you?!”), but before this can turn into Eegah, Hacker
arrives to capture the caveman. Abandoned by his henchmen, Hacker shoots the
Neanderthal in the arm, but the Tyrannosaurus attacks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bart and Dumpy arrive with Molotov cocktails
Chica prepared (she mentions a war, but what war would that be? The Cuban
Revolution?) and drive off the Tyrannosaurus with a flare to the mouth (which
naturally isn’t killed by either the flare or the other incendiaries), but the
Tyrannosaurus’ attacks have caused a cave-in. The Neanderthal sacrifices
himself for Julio, Betty and Bart to escape, the cave in killing off Hacker as
well. </div>
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As the wounded Brontosaurus sinks into a pit of quicksand,
Bart as the requisite Mighty Whitey leads the crew off to an abandoned Spanish
fort where the villagers have fled to. With the help of Chuck and Dumpy, he
prepares a trench with his excavation vehicles (“We’re actually supposed to
take interest in the specifics of their work?! Come on, we had dinosaurs and an
unfrozen caveman!”) , and when the Tyrannosaurus arrives, gasoline is poured in
and lit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This still doesn’t stop or kill
the Tyrannosaurus, who somehow gets past the trench. Since Chuck doesn’t have a
girlfriend, Dumpy is comic relief, Betty is a woman, and no other characters
get speaking roles, it’s up to Bart to save the day.</div>
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The climax unfolds with Bart fighting the Tyrannosaurus with
an excavator. While a white man using modern technology is always going to win
in this kind of film, he does have to lure it to the edge of a cliff, then do a
full 360-degree rotation to knock the dinosaur into the sea (“Tyrannosaurus is
the Sonny Liston of the Upper Cretaceous Period”). Julio seems to call out the
filmmakers, asking why the caveman had to die.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bart (and the filmmakers) lamely offer that being out of their time and
being in an unfamiliar environment is worse than death, then he distracts Julio
with talk about spaceships and the future. Jurassic World wasn’t the first
movie to hold the prehistoric in contempt.</div>
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This is an odd movie; creative scenes are mixed with
clichés, upbeat kid-friendly scenes mixed with deaths galore.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The direction is fine-it’s a well shot film.
The acting is period, and hard to untangle from the terrible script.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Producer Jack Harris wanted to do a dinosaur
movie, but didn’t have the imagination to attempt a period piece, instead
having dinosaurs brought to an isolated island where modern humans would be
more vulnerable. As with many failed scripts, t was tossed around between many
writers. In this case, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Harris and Aldis
Budrys established the cliched characters, then the original script was written
by Dan Weisburd, then it was lightened up a bit by director Irvin Yeaworth and
his wife Jean. The Yeaworths wanted a family-friendly film that would be fun
for children, making the character Julio prominent and adding the slapstick of
the Neanderthal scenes. </div>
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The stop motion was done by the burgeoning group Project
Unlimited, who had just gotten started in the effects business but had already
done George Pal’s The Time Machine. The team consisted of the three leaders Wah
Chang, Gene Warren, and Tim Baar with the animation done by Tom Holland, Don
Sahlin, Phil Kellison, and George Pal. The models were made by the veteran
sculptor Marcel Delgado himself (Delgado had worked with Willis O’brien since
in 1925) and his brother Victor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While
they had half the time they needed to build and animate the dinosaurs, the team
did their best.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The result is rather
crude compared to the work of Ray Harryhausen (Who was busy working with Charles
Schneer at Colombia on a rendition of Gulliver’s Travels)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>but still full of personality and energy. </div>
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Still, it’s the script that really makes the film a
difficult sit. Film conventions of the early 60s and late 50s, with their
annoying kids, boring unlikable protagonists, and various ethnic and sexist
stereotypes, just aged badly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Everyone
is a dated stereotypes-dinosaurs and humans alike; the square jawed
take-no-crap-from-women-but-loves-kids hero, the dopey chubby sidekick, the
idiotic but noble caveman, the victimized and reckless woman, the greedy, cruel
and ruthless villain, his stupid, cowardly but not nearly as evil sidekicks,
the mindlessly destructive Tyrannosaurus, and the dumb, hapless but friendly
Brontosaurus. The Tyrannosaurus is well used, having plenty of threatening
scenes and probably the most screentime the species had at the time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Brontosaurus <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(which I supposed should be happy is purely
terrestrial in this film) is sadly underused. It has two effective scenes
palling around with Julio, but its fight with Tyrannosaurus is poorly
choreographed and executed (relying more on puppets than the animation) and
very brief. It dies painfully, a rather sudden and shocking end to the
sympathetic dinosaur. The Neanderthal steals the show-he’s funny, he’s
sympathetic, and while a lot dumber than a real Neanderthal would be, he’s the
most charming character. His sudden brutal death in the third act brings the
film to a halt and changes the tone completely.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Tone is the enemy of this film. We have some funny scenes
and lines (Hacker: “I didn’t know you were an anthropologist” Jasper: “Not a
very good one; I haven’t been to church in years”) , and some great kids
material with Julio and his prehistoric friends, but the tone darkens. We’re
introduced to Julio, then to the abusive and violent Hacker. We meet the Irish
stereotype O’Leary, then he’s killed off horrifically. The Brontosaurus and
Neanderthal pal around with Julio, but meet violent deaths.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The slapstick caveman sequence is intercut
with the Tyrannosaurus encountering a tour bus and devouring the
occupants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A comedy bit with Betty and
the Neanderthal is interrupted by Hacker holding them at gunpoint, a
Tyrannosaurus attack, and then the death of the Neanderthal. Before the
audience can recover (and Julio still depressed), we immediately run towards
the desperate finale with the Tyrannosaurus. In Star Wars: A New Hope, the
death of Obi-wan Kenobi is balanced by an exciting dogfight with TIE fighters,
followed by a breather of a briefing and some character moments building up to
the final battle of Yavin. In Fellowship of the Ring, Gandalf’s death is
tempered by a long quiet sequence in Lorien before the climax at Amon Hen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The film seems not to really respect the dinosaurs. “Yeah,
they’re fun, kid, but you need to grow up. Machines and digging and
construction and the future are more important” the film says. The past is
something to be discarded and feared, an interesting contrast to the
conservative treatment of women and minorities the film has. The film can’t
really strike a tone balance between horror, drama, and comedy, nor between a
children’s dinosaur fantasy and an intense horror film. Steven Spielberg proved
his mastery of storytelling by being able to invoke a child’s sense of wonder
and awe of dinosaurs while still making a tense, dramatic thriller. Harris and
Yeaworth just don’t have that grasp. Spielberg knows better than to kill off
the entertaining Dr. Malcolm or the friendly Brachiosaurus, and to give the
dastardly saboteur Dennis Nedry a fitting death compared the offscreen death of
Hacker (killing off the villain and the comic relief in the same scene is
jarring to say the least).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It’s unfair to compare this film to Jurassic Park, I know,
but I’m trying to articulate the storytelling problems of this film. The
ambitious premise promises thrills and the child, cartoony characters, and
dinosaurs promise a fun kid film, but these two approaches clash with each
other rather than blending together in a coherent whole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead of being a classic, it’s more of an
obscure cult film (as a child, I only became aware of it because of a VHS
containing an extensive series of dinosaur movie trailers). It has the
ingredients of both a cheesy turkey and a classic dinosaur picture, and unfortunately
it fits the former far more than the latter. It’s more memorable than other
sci-fi films of the period, but compared to say, Valley of Gwangi or even
Journey to the Beginning of Time, it’s a forgettable drag.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My rating is a 40/100, carried mostly on
Martell and the beleaguered effects team. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-42977710375164021512018-05-28T06:28:00.002-07:002018-05-28T06:28:51.497-07:00Pictures At An Exhibition 4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Today I’m returning to my Pictures At An Exhibition. In case
you haven’t read part 1, here’s the link <a href="http://davidsamateurpalaeo.blogspot.com/2015/03/pictures-at-exhibition-part-1.html">http://davidsamateurpalaeo.blogspot.com/2015/03/pictures-at-exhibition-part-1.html</a></div>
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This time we’ve moved on to the late Silurian, specifically
in Chicago in Cook County Illinois about 425 million years ago. It’s only
fitting that the paintings depict one of the few faunas known from the area of
the museum itself, and the very brief Silurian period is well-represented in
the Field Museum’s fossils. Indeed, the fossil collection began with mostly
local geology from this period, and until 1990 there was a hall of Paleozoic
fossils and dioramas in the museum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
of now, they still have a corner in the Evolving Planet exhibit. Above the
fossils of the Chicago region and a diorama of a Silurian reef is Charles
Knight’s depiction of the city to which he dedicated this work of art. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwRbStZUt8wKrWJNpU3xe2zeO_fpw1gf62_FDJLT9S7D0OieDqWrn6jdQ9pBdQ8hKrhXv-VURkMa9sr_Hwdi5PJqMlC5-MkGcFKHocgT5_nY0mDHkGfGsmjPSZRn65wm0g_uIXx6ZTjGk/s1600/CK50T.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="489" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwRbStZUt8wKrWJNpU3xe2zeO_fpw1gf62_FDJLT9S7D0OieDqWrn6jdQ9pBdQ8hKrhXv-VURkMa9sr_Hwdi5PJqMlC5-MkGcFKHocgT5_nY0mDHkGfGsmjPSZRn65wm0g_uIXx6ZTjGk/s320/CK50T.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Like the previous Ordovician mural, this depicts a
coastline, with both land and sea depicted and no animals seen swimming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, as the Ordovician mural, marine
animals are nevertheless present. In this case, it’s the coral reefs. Despite
the massive extinction event that began the Silurian and the three minor
extinctions that followed, the last two during the Ludlow epoch, corals still
prevailed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In these extinctions, the
temperature dropped, and with it the sea level. This is depicted in the mural
as the reefs protrude from the surface, exposed to the air.</div>
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<br /></div>
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This may be the most colorful of the Paleozoic murals-the
corals are maroon and white, with drifts of algae and seaweed adding green to
the bright blue ocean. My knowledge of corals is limited, so I cannot comment
on which species are being represented. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
background has rock formations, sea, and a cloudy sky, with a peninsula on the
horizon, much like the Ordovician mural. The geological evidence does suggest that Chicago was a tropical bay
with a coral reef, so this depiction is still accurate. </div>
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<br /></div>
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It is interesting that in the Paleozoic murals, the coast is
depicted and not marine ecosystems. It’s not a question of knowledge-by 1930
the fossils of the Midwest marine faunas were well-known and catalogued. It’s not
a question of ability-Knight repeatedly depicted these faunas in other murals
for New York and National Geographic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
might have been time constraints-on the other hand, he had the time to depict
the sea creatures of the Ordovician and the coral reefs of the Silurian. It
could simply be a creative choice-there are no underwater scenes at all in this
series, and he wanted thematic continuity to match stylistic and palette
continuity.</div>
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<br /></div>
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One more note- the Silurian seen here represents the Thorton
Quarry Reef site, dating to the Niagara formation in the late Silurian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This quarry has provided a great deal of
stone for the local area, and so local collectors have found thousands of
specimens from this region, including the aforementioned collection in the Field
Museum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For more on the reef, the
Milwaukee Public Museum has a website on it: <a href="https://www.mpm.edu/content/collections/learn/reef/thornton-front.html">https://www.mpm.edu/content/collections/learn/reef/thornton-front.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
I apologize for the short essay-it comes down to my
ignorance of the subject matter. </div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-72673298083215094392018-05-01T17:45:00.000-07:002018-05-01T17:45:17.274-07:00Paleofest 2018 Report <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Two months ago, I had the privilege of attending Paleofest, the
yearly Paleontology symposium at the Burpee Museum in Rockford, Illinois. The
Master of Ceremonies remains Scott Williams, now at the staff of the Museum of
the Rockies, and once again there was an excellent variety of speakers. There
was no particular theme this time, predominantly dinosaurs but with a fair
amount of other paleolontology.<span> </span>While
there was mostly American paleontology, other continents were represented in
some talks. Unfortunately, my camera malfunctioned, so if you want pictures,
please contact my and Scott’s friend Todd Johnson for his excellent
photojournalism.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>The talks started with David Evans of the Royal Ontario Museum talking
about Zuul, a new, perfectly preserved ankylosaur described by him and his ROM
compatriot and ankylosaur expert Victoria Arbour. It is by far the most
perfectly preserved ankylosaur, found in the Upper Bearpaw shale. This would
mean it would be part of the Judith River fauna 75 million years ago. It was
found by fossil collectors in a quarry-as they excavated a Gorgosaurus
skeleton, they found this fully articulated fossil.<span> </span>Over 20 feet long, this relative of
Euoplocephalus and other ankylosaurs was named after the demon Zuul from the
film Ghostbusters.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>The next talk by Amy Atwater of the Museum of the Rockies. Unlike
most of the MOR experts, she studied early American primates. Specifically,
it’s a study of Onomyids, tiny relatives of today’s tarsiers. Known from mostly
teeth, these animals like todays tarsiers are closer to true monkeys than the
lemurlike Adapids. She made a survey of these Omomyid microfossils from the
Friars Formation, a Uintan age formation near La Jolla. In her survey, she identified
three related but distinct species, possibly even different genera based on jaw
and tooth material.<span> </span>She proposes that as
the Adapids declined in the Uintan (starting 45 million years ago), the
populations of Omomyids diversified and speciated.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>As usual, there is a talk on Tyrannosaurus. This one by Ada
Bailleul covered jaw hinges-specifically the otic joint. In extant archosaurs,
this joint is a ball-and-socket construction but differs in histology.<span> </span>For the stiff jaws of crocodilians, there is
only one side of the joint covered in cartilage, and fiber connects it to the
other joint. For the emu, both sides have cartilage surrounding the bone, but
fiber still connects them. Finally, for ducks, not only do both sides have a
cartilage coat, but instead of fiber there is a fluid allowing for even more
flexibility. The histological study of the B.rex specimen reveals that
Tyrannosaurus had cartilage covering both sides of the join, but whether fiber
or liquid connected them has yet to be revealed. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Jumping back to the Permian and Triassic, Brandon Peecook of the
Field Museum investigated the early diapsids.<span>
</span>True reptiles in the Permian are represented by herbivores, the giant
armored pareiosaurs and the lizardlike hook-snouted capitorhinids. FMNH expeditions
to Tanzania reveal a massive fossil gap, however, in terms of archosaurs and
lepidosaurs between Permian and Triassic times.<span>
</span>This isn’t just in Tanzania, but also in South Africa and Russia despite
their own fossil richness. Conventional wisdom simply would imply them being
too rare, but what if there is a geographic bias? Turns out our Permian
knowledge comes from subtropical and temperate regions-perhaps the synapsids
evolved endothermy first which would restrict the early reptiles to the
tropics. As it turns out, the only large archosauromorph in the Permian is
Protorosaurus, a lizardlike animal from Germany. In Italy, a trackway of a
similar animal is called Prochirotherium. Since Central Europe was in a
tropical region during the Permian, this would mean that the diapsids were
indeed restricted to the tropics until the end of the Permian. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Another nondinosaur talk focused on Trilobites. Thomas Hegna of
Western Illinois University wanted to find Trilobite eggs. While the oldest
eggs have been found from the Precambrian, and even arthropod eggs were
discovered from the Cambrian, no trilobite eggs were reported.<span> </span>One researcher even proposed they were
asexuals who budded like cnidarians.<span>
</span>However, finds from the Whetstone Gulf Formation (Ordovician age) in New
York show special preservation: this rock indicates it was the bottom of the
ocean, a low oxygen environment that preserved the animals perfectly. Not only
is the preservation excellent, but the way the minerals formed ensured that the
fossils turned into pyrite crystal. So we have fossils of Triarthus not only
made of Pyrite, but with eggs fossilized in pyrite. As in their closest living
relative, horseshoe crabs, trilobites spawned their eggs in their “headpiece”.
It seems that Triarthus may have brooded its eggs and hatchlings, so that it
would have a better chance of being fossilized with its eggs.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Eva Koppelhus of the University of Alberta did her talk on late
Cretaceous ferns of Antarctica. Since paleobotany is a weak point of mine, I’m
afraid I don’t have much in the way of notes, only that by the end of the
Mesozoic, ferns had evolved into the same physiology as today’s ferns. While
angiosperms did exist in Antarctica at the time, the flora was predominantly
ferns, indicating a very wet environment despite the seasonal chills.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Fortunately,
the next talk was much more interesting. Evalon Hekkala from the American
Museum presented a study on the crocodiles of Madagascar. The crocodiles of
Africa have for a century only been classified as a single species: Crocodylus
niloticus. In Madagascar, two species were recognized by naturalists: the
extinct Crocodylus robustus (Called Mamba by the Malagasy) and the extant
Crocodylus madagascarensis (called Voay). Brochu had classified robustus as a
new genus, Voay. However, genetic testing was finally done in 2004 to reveal that
the African Crocodile is actually two species: C. niloticus in East Africa and
the Nile, and C. suchus West Africa. In ancient times, the Egyptians recognized
them as two different animals, worshiping the tamable C. suchus and fearing the
aggressive C. niloticus. Only the suchus species is mummified. Hekkala took
these findings into account while looking up the Madagascar species: she
discovered via genetic testing that while robustus did exist as a distinct
species, it was still within Crocodylus, while C. madagascarensis is an
invasive group of Nile crocodiles. It seems at C. niloticus has evolved more recently
and has been genetically swamping the other African crocodiles.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>The
day ended with a treat: Phillip Currie, founder of the Royal Tyrell Museum,
discussed the widespread but mysterious dromaeosaur Saurornitholestes. The
first specimen was simply a frontal bone of the skull, a handful vertebrae and
ribs, and scattered teeth found by Irene Vanderloh and described by Hans Sues. A
new specimen, identified as UALVP 55700 shows more of the animal than
before-the maxilla is diagnostic, proving it indeed that genus. The teeth are
unique, distinguishing it from Atrociraptor and Dromeosaurus. The old tooth
taxa Paronychodon proves to be Saurornitholestes, and while Saurornthiolestes
is more widespread, in terms of teeth Dromeosaurus is far more common. Like
many other subfamilies with more than one genus present in Dinosaur Park, it
seems that there was dromaeosaur niche partitioning.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>The
next day started off with Cary Woodruff from the University of Toronto talking
Pachycephalosaurs. As he pointed out, they have a plain body but an
extraordinary head. Relatives of the ceratopsians, they ranged North America
and East Asia from the Santonian to the end of the Cretaceous. The tail is
unique, showing parallel evolution with the ornithopods-while the ornithopods
have ossified tails with stiffening bone rods, pachycephalosaurs had strong
fibers surrounding the caudal vertebrae. The Dome is made of the frontal and
parietal bones. Unfortunately, Woodruff agrees with Horner and Longrich’s truly
bad ideas about pachycephalosaurs: that the thick domed skulls were equivalent
of the wide, long, thin frills of ceratopsians and used only for display, and
that many species of Pachycephalosaurs were the same species. Both these points
have long been pet theories of Horner, theories without much in the way of
evidence or logic but are widely accepted anyway. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Unfortunately
the next talk was canceled, as Lauren Sallan was unable to make it. Thomas Carr
picked up for her-of course this became about Tyrannosaurs. Carr once had an
interesting hypothesis: Tyrannosaurus had a face covered in keratin. A
microanalysis of the Tyrannosaur skull however has led him to a different,
still debatable and controversial conclusion: the animal had gums around its
teeth like that of a crocodile, with keratinized patches around nerves. This is
a counterpoint to Larson and Reisz’s argument for lips covering the teeth.
Either possibility has strong evidence and logic behind it, and it will be
interesting to see what their further studies will reveal.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>The
next talk was far more interesting-Michael Habib of the University of Southern
California reviewed material from the Four Corners region of the Southwest USA.
He went on to describe two southern giants from the end of the Cretaceous:
Quetzalcoatlus and Alamosaurus. The former, a giant pterosaur he memorably
described as “Giant flying murder heads”, had a stronger neck, more flexible
wing fingers, and a more far-forward center of mass than previously thought,
and probably launched itself quadrupedally.<span>
</span>The latter, a giant titanosaur, had strong ossified neck tendons
allowing for the cervical and neck muscles to lift the head high in the air. He
concluded that the longer the dinosaur’s neck, the higher it could be lifted.
This, combined with a more generous range of movement proposed by Mike Taylor
and Matt Weddell, has solved an old question of sauropod biomechanics.
Excitingly, some of this titanosaur material from New Mexico may yet prove to
be a new species or even genus. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Lydia
Tackett of North Dakota State University presented on invertebrates-namely
predation’s effect on patterns of benthic (animals living on the bottom of the
sea) evolution in the Triassic. After the Permian extinction finished off the
trilobites and Eurypterids, brachiopods and crinoids bounced back. However,
during the Norian period, there was a shift in biomechanics: static species
gave way to those who either burrowed into the sand, could swim for short
distances, or excreted organic “cement” to adhere themselves to the ocean floor.
A study of shell damage in both extinct and extant shellfish reveals patterns
of predation: ammonites often have holes corresponding to predation by other
ammonites, while a study of living shellfish showed crabs to be more
significant than other predators in driving shell thickness. Turns out, this
sudden change coincided with new forms of predators: fish (semionotids and
pycnodonts), reptiles (placodonts) and sharks (hybodonts) with durophagous
adaptations in their teeth and jaws.<span>
</span>This Norian exploitation of shellfish almost </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>certainly caused the prey
animals to evolve new strategies.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>The
next talk was a step down-while ostensibly about the Carboniferous and Permian
temperate marine fauna of Argentina, Kathryn Pauls of the University of
Wisconsin-Milwaukee, it was more on the deposition and sedimentology. The fauna
in question is mostly brachiopods, particularly small specimens. However, as
the Permian went on, ice age pulses showed their effect-there was major silt
deposition, the most common brachiopods went extinct, and <span> </span>instead bivalves made up most of the fauna.
The Permian extinction would finish off inarticulate brachiopods and deal the
bivalve in turn a major blow, but the main insight from this talk was that even
before the end of the Permian, there were several minor faunal extinctions. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the most hotly debated questions in American
paleoanthropology is which route the first humans took to get here. Anders
Carlson of Oregon University challenged the popular argument that the Ice-Free
Corridor never existed. In 1931, , W.A. Johnston proposed that there must have
been a gap between the Cordilleran and Keewater ice sheets that allowed humans
to pass from Alaska into the rest of the continent. Recently,<span> </span>Knute Fladmark , Charles Schwege and Lionel
Jackson have argued in their papers that this passage simply did not exist, and
that the humans took a coastal route. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Throwing more confusion is the fact that
artifacts are inconclusive on when humans first appeared in the Western
Hemisphere-they could have arrived anytime between 30,000 and 10,000 BC.<span> </span>Duane Froese and Beth Shapiro have used bison
fossils to propose that an ice-free corridor did indeed exist around 12,000 BC.
What Carlson and his colleges have done is turn to geology-looking at the weathering
and movement of the rocks in Western Canada by glacial movement and dating with
Beryllium 10. They came to the conclusion that the corridor existed 17,000 BP.
He further argued against the coastal route as a better route-the ice sheets
that would have made passage in the interior would have extended into the coast
and into the sea and made sea passage even more difficult. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nadia Rasolofomanana of the University of Antananarivo was
supposed to give the next talk, but unfortunately couldn’t get her visa cleared
in time. Instead, her colleague Karen Samonds presented on their team’s
findings in Madagascar. The Sambaina basin in the central <span lang="EN">Analamanga region has been previously unexplored
for fossils, and the team probed it. A<span>
</span>last minute discovery thanks to the help of local farmers revealed that
the muddy rice fields contained over a thousand fossils. While many contemporary
marsh birds were found, such as Malagasy Pond Heron and Bernier’s teal, many
extinct species were found with them, such as the Malagasy shelduck and the two
genera of Elephant bird. However, 80% of the fossils belong to a single
species: a hippo. Unfortunately which species is uncertain-according to some,
there are three species of extinct hippopotamus in Madagascar, while others say
they are all the same species. Even more confusing is the relationship between
this animal and the mainland hippos, which have their own taxonomic
controversies to even the generic level: hopefully someone will make a detailed
study on the family to clarify the relationships. Crocodiles have also been
found at the site, but likewise their species has yet to be determined.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN">The last talk for
the year was by the legendary Thomas Holtz of the Smithsonian Institution and
University of Maryland. This talk was on an extraordinary specimen found by the
Burpee Museum and the Museum of the Rockies in a joint expedition. The specimen
is named Pearl, an Anzu. Anzu was a genus first discovered in the 1990s, when
Trielbold Paleontology assigned it to the known American animals Chirostenotes
and Caegnagnathus. In 1998, two good specimens were found by Triebold and the
Carnegie Museum. This animal joined the new fossil hall when the museum
renovated in<span> </span>2007, unnamed, but
impressive. The<span> </span>creature was finally
named in 2014 by a team including </span>Emma Schachner, Matthew Lamanna, Tyler
Lyson, and Hans Dieter-Sues as Anzu wylei. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This new specimen fills in the gap.
The Caegnathids are rare and mysterious, known in both Asia and North Africa,
first appearing in Aptian China and surviving to the late Maastrichtian, when
Anzu lived. Oviraptorans are divided into two families: the shorter-legged,
slender-jawed, more gracile Caegnathids and the classic Oviraptorans. The
Caegnathids also tend to be larger-the largest Oviraptorid is Citipati at
probably 300 lbs, but Anzu could have been up to 600 lbs, and the largest
Caegnathid was the enormous Gigantoraptor at least 1500 lbs.<span> </span>These animals seem to have been fond of
wetlands like Hell Creek, where Anzu would have probably been prey for Tyrannosaurus
and Dakotaraptor.<span> </span>Oviraptorans are more
derived than Therizinosaurs, Ornithomimids and Tyrannosaurs, but less so than
dromaeosaurs, troodonts, and birds. They seem to have occupied a different
niche than the Ornithomimids, coexisting with them despite being related
omnivores. Hopefully Pearl and other oviraptors will fill in some of the
missing parts of this mysterious group.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span lang="EN">So, I thought for
the most part, Paleofest was a great deal of fun-plenty of new discoveries,
plenty of controversy and debate, and plenty of different topics. Hope the next
one will be even better! </span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-62019738996230833192018-04-17T06:15:00.000-07:002018-04-17T06:15:02.886-07:00Top Ten Dinosaur Movies Never Made<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
As you’ve noticed, dinosaurs have been featured in a lot of
terrible movies. From Lost Continent to Jurassic World, from King Dinosaur to
Ice Age 3, not to mention any Asylum movie on the Sci Fi Channel, it’s easy to
put a dinosaur on screen, but it’s hard to make the experience worthwhile. Sometimes
the effects are terrible. Sometimes the dinosaurs are cliched. Sometimes the
film is just plain badly written and shot. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So it’s a shame to find out about great movies
that were never made. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In Hollywood, it takes a lot of luck for a project to see
work, especially one with an ambitious </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
premise or one demanding expensive
special effects. Even filmmakers like Kubrick or Spielberg have had projects
die before seeing light.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fortunately, big ambitious projects are
remembered, especially if they’re by people who have made other hit films but
somehow were thwarted other times.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
this case, Mark Berry’s excellent Dinosaur Filmography came very much in handy.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These projects all sound like a lot of fun-it’s not often dinosaur
movies get made, simply because of the limitations in budget, writing ability,
and marketability inherent in the genre. Frankly, if we had these made, they
would have turned out far superior than most dinosaur films that actually saw
light. These were dream projects, vast in scope and ambition. Some of them were
salvaged and recreated into excellent films. Some of them turned out into
disasters. But it’s fascinating to learn about them, and dream about what could
have been. Who knows? We may see them someday even after their originators have
long been dead. Anything can happen in Hollywood, and they love to remake and
revisit. Maybe someday these will be made. </div>
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</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<br /></div>
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Without further ado, I give you my top 10 Dinosaur Movies
Never Made.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dinosaurs Vs Aliens.</div>
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Barry Sonnenfeld, filmmaker behind Men in Black, wanted to
make another high-concept, big-budget alien-based sci-fi film. He wanted to put
a serious allegory in a colorful and fun premise-in this case, the allegory of
colonialism and imperialism between two warlike societies. As you would expect,
this is a conflict of alien colonists, ruthless but complex characters hoping
to stave off their own extinction, against the dinosaurs, a sentient society of
earthlings fighting for their own survival.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Both sides are sympathetic, but the voiceless dinosaurs, led by the
theropod predators, are more heroic. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3hHmiOKYi1jirZ7E5e_aSXeX_WGtaPIEgcJzzbEt6HDep8D8fD1eA4jsAnYeCeTJiboeiv-NcSqADDzYP4AEUa1szw0XaFXRfXxQrntFnuFVA0MWKLUdxl5RlSO1Kutxw2ym9AsQJsN0/s1600/dinosaurs_vs_aliens_comic_3_by_giuseppedirosso-daxx1oy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="1207" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3hHmiOKYi1jirZ7E5e_aSXeX_WGtaPIEgcJzzbEt6HDep8D8fD1eA4jsAnYeCeTJiboeiv-NcSqADDzYP4AEUa1szw0XaFXRfXxQrntFnuFVA0MWKLUdxl5RlSO1Kutxw2ym9AsQJsN0/s320/dinosaurs_vs_aliens_comic_3_by_giuseppedirosso-daxx1oy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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As a trial run, he teamed up with famed comic writer Grant
Morrison and artist Mukesh Singh to turn it into a graphic novel. Released in
2012 to critical praise,it seemed the film would be next to be made. However,
it hasn’t come yet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For some reason,
while Colombia did excellently that year, and Sonnenfeld’s Men in Black 3 was a
box office hit, the movie was put on hold. Morrison and Sonnenfeld produced a
script, apparently the basis for the graphic novel, but so far, no sign of it
has been seen for 6 years. It was attached to Full Clip Productions, but that
company has only released one film. The details are unknown, but this film may
stay in limbo for a while. The iron was hot, but something went wrong. Here’s
hoping it’ll come through. Unfortunately, Sonnenfeld is busy working on the
sequel to Enchanted; hopefully it will go well enough for him to turn to less
commercial and more personal projects.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/round-1-of-the-dinosaurs-vs-aliens-throwdown-1959984/</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9. Journey to the Center of the Earth</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Later this year I plan on reviewing the book and film
“Journey to the Center of the Earth” by Jules Verne. The 59 film had a rocky
road to production-two dueling companies announced it in 1956, both trying to
cash in on the success of 1954 Disney film 20,000 Leagues Beneath the Sea.. RKO
announced Stanley Rubin would be producing it, while Columbia said it would be
making two films, Journey to the Center of the Earth and Mysterious Island
produced by Bryan Foy. Eugene Lourie, fresh from making Beast from 20,000
Fathoms, was said to be making it, but for which company is unclear. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While it’s possible either film could have
used the giant lizards of the 1959 film, it’s also possible that they could
have used Ray Harryhausen for the effects, as of course he worked with Lourie
and eventually on the 1961 Columbia film Mysterious Island. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-ks8MtW5M3m6SNk7yNf6ihJw-t5U250bT9S53ON3YcdJyeL_i-M86YhIwf8eakNsacBpqnoLTjG8yP3O5TeozHJtIQbwaHW9vaPowCk4RMvgMEnCA-61-cG2p_iy-sHobhg3pq9zcUFs/s1600/JourneyToCentreBeasties.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="640" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-ks8MtW5M3m6SNk7yNf6ihJw-t5U250bT9S53ON3YcdJyeL_i-M86YhIwf8eakNsacBpqnoLTjG8yP3O5TeozHJtIQbwaHW9vaPowCk4RMvgMEnCA-61-cG2p_iy-sHobhg3pq9zcUFs/s320/JourneyToCentreBeasties.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It seems that budget may have been a factor-maybe Columbia
didn’t feel it could have bankrolled both films, and of course RKO was dying
under Howard Hughes’ management. The 20<sup>th</sup> Century Fox film was
probably produced because lizards were cheaper and faster to film than
stop-motion, and because the budget was instead vested on popular crooner Pat
Boone and 20,000 Leagues star James Mason, far more marketable than believable
effects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This film was remade, in the
loosest sense of the word, for theaters only once since in 2008. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We can only imagine what this film would look
like with classic stop-motion effects. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
8. Pellucidar. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I’ve already reviewed Amicus’ At the Earth’s Core, a decent
film that suffered terrible flaws in effects. However, this was entirely
affordable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the success of their
The Land That Time Forgot, having finally gotten the rights from the Edgar Rice
Burroughs estate, Amicus films showed interest in making a book on Burrough’s
Pellucidar books. Hearing of this, stop motion animator Jim Dansforth sent the
film company a script, complete with plenty of effects sequences climaxing with
an original showdown where Innes and Perry save Dian from the Mahars and
Thipdars by pursuit in a hot air balloon to the Pendant World, a distant
levitating object equivalent to Earth’s moon to the underground world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Modelmakers Bill Hedge and Jon Berg offered
to join Dansforth for the effects.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiexSF_tnHbnx2-LRAplAtcPGgYG7DbxpK4KMr2c9Wwk1bOR_XwCVHL6R-sEEjKvSiEtcs-uzx6ojq7UQnCReMNW1LYC1xfpUcvUosGLNZsaN1exBUeqMmfFdOYKmnwTV3zxkNnX5vsKFk/s1600/frank_frazetta_bw_captured.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="857" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiexSF_tnHbnx2-LRAplAtcPGgYG7DbxpK4KMr2c9Wwk1bOR_XwCVHL6R-sEEjKvSiEtcs-uzx6ojq7UQnCReMNW1LYC1xfpUcvUosGLNZsaN1exBUeqMmfFdOYKmnwTV3zxkNnX5vsKFk/s320/frank_frazetta_bw_captured.jpg" width="228" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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Unfortunately, Amicus executives Milton Subostky and Max
Rosenberg wanted to save money and time, confident that the puppets and suits
that had featured in the Land That Time Forgot could also help this film.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dansforth’s effects were ditched, along with
his script-Subotsky, having written two Dr. Who films and the horror films The
Skull, The Vault of Horror, Dr. Terror’s House of Horrors, I, Monster, and the
sci fi film They Came From Beyond Space, wrote the script himself. While the
script is serviceable, the cost-cutting is obvious, and the film comes off as
superior to Land that Time Forgot only through a stronger supporting cast and a
stronger core story. Jim Dansforth’s effects would have been a major
improvement that could have turned it from a fun pastime to a genuine classic. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the bomb of John Carter of Mars and the
limited success of the Legend of Tarzan, it seems that Burroughs will have to
wait for another turn. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7. Natural History Project</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the 1980s, dinosaurs returned to the media in force as
new discoveries by paleontologists like Robert Bakker and Jack Horner brought a
new image of them. Muppet master Jim Henson, fascinated by dinosaurs, and his
daughter Lisa, began to think about doing his own take. Bill Stout, artist of
the New Dinosaurs and one of the first to adopt the new discoveries, joined the
project as Lisa and Jim loved his dinosaur book. Stout wrote the screenplay, a
story of a Corythosaurus coming of age in Cretaceous North America, as well as
did the production design.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKRcA2uBQzAHsOF8tBDocJdLdtgEsnDoXi_XG2_oouFbXXX-JOJbR5t-l_-Au7E4z2GKdVw2DxJwboajqmWfIp426X92yfRiw8mOMyFJCuMLxGWMa3PBgBnlaxP0CLcjzEQZ0oMMqvN00/s1600/Dino0001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="800" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKRcA2uBQzAHsOF8tBDocJdLdtgEsnDoXi_XG2_oouFbXXX-JOJbR5t-l_-Au7E4z2GKdVw2DxJwboajqmWfIp426X92yfRiw8mOMyFJCuMLxGWMa3PBgBnlaxP0CLcjzEQZ0oMMqvN00/s320/Dino0001.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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It’s also unknown how far Warner Brothers
came into production before it stopped. For this case, the reason was known for
cancellation-In 1986, news broke that Don Bluth was making an animated feature
for Amblin with Henson’s old friends George Lucas and Steven Spielberg. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ironically, it used the same art style as
Stout, being loosely based on his book The Little Blue Brontosaurus. Production
already delayed, Henson and Warner Bros decided to cut and run.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Hensons never gave up on their dream of a
dinosaur picture, though, and Jim Henson instead considered anthropomorphic
dinosaurs giving social commentary. After his death in 1990, Jim Henson’s
family fulfilled his dream, making a Simpsons-esque situation comedy with
animatronic dinosaurs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Can you make
dinosaurs with Muppets? It’s up to Disney. </div>
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http://www.williamstout.com/news/journal/?p=3549</div>
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6. King Kong</div>
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There were many King Kong films never made, by Toho, RKO,
and various other companies. Straight remakes of Kong were considered back in
the early 60s. Hammer Film Productions, having won big with remakes of
Frankenstien and Dracula starring Peter Cushing and Christopher Lee, hoped to
make more remakes of early horror films. One idea was to remake King Kong.
Michael Carerras, impressed by Ray Harryhausen’s work for Ameran Studios, hired
him on to make Kong.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But then came more
problems-Cooper, furious that RKO sold the rights to Kong to John Beck for
Toho’s use, filed suit against RKO. RKO retained the rights, but with its
breakup in the 1950s the rights were debatable. Hammer simply couldn’t get the
rights. Carerras went for plan B-the 1940 United Artists film One Million BC. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqWBA9PQWE9tRsDvIKOXMoNul2xLCiORQvfICq9zv387g7UtqiqbrcMnGuJQsKmJjwG3TWxtHuh9nyJps5f6zXM02_VY7spXjJC4zHR-A6XsMvwnvpwYiZauH1rha8xOF22a7cXfNgnNw/s1600/30710075_10216139428862183_7953656483037200463_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqWBA9PQWE9tRsDvIKOXMoNul2xLCiORQvfICq9zv387g7UtqiqbrcMnGuJQsKmJjwG3TWxtHuh9nyJps5f6zXM02_VY7spXjJC4zHR-A6XsMvwnvpwYiZauH1rha8xOF22a7cXfNgnNw/s1600/30710075_10216139428862183_7953656483037200463_n.jpg" /></a></div>
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In 1974, Universal tried to make a King Kong film. However,
RKO had sold the rights to <span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Dino De
Laurentiis, a rising Italian producer working for Paramount. As the companies
clashed, they each chose their own production teams-Universal chose Joseph
Sargent, director of the award winning <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The
Marcus-Nelson Murders, while Paramount went with </span>John Guillermin,
director of The Towering Inferno. For scripts, Universal chose Bo Goldman,
writer of the award-winning <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">One Flew
Over the Cuckoo's Nest to write a serious treatment set in the 1930s</span>,
while Paramount chose Lorenzo Semple Jr., who wrote the award-winning <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Three Days of the Condor to write a more
bawdy romantic-comedy commentary on 70s culture (Semple had done scripts for
the 1966 Batman series)</span>. For effects, Paramount went with Carlo
Rambaldi, who had done work for Andy Warhol’s Italian Horror remakes of Dracula
and Frankenstien, and would use Rick Baker’s ape suit for Kong and a rubber
prop as the only other monsters, while Universal hired Jim Dansforth (as Ray
Harryhausen was reunited with Charles Schneer) to make a stop-motion Kong with
various dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">With Paramount’s
cheaper, quicker techniques, they made the film first. Universal instead
settled for a cut of the profit. While they eventually won the rights to Kong,
they dropped the Sargent and Dansforth project. They would try again to make
Kong in 1995, but once again they were beaten to the punch by Tristar’s
Godzilla (more on that disaster later) and Disney’s Mighty Joe Young. It took
the devotion of Peter Jackson to the Kong Character to finally bring back the
character in 2005. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Considering how much
love went into that version of Kong, I don’t expect another remake for a long
time. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">5. Dinosaurs</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">A fan of
Dansforth and Harryhausen always furthers his stop-motion career with
dinosaurs. In 1984, Phil Tippet, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fresh
from work on Star Wars, released a short called Prehistoric Beast. Paul
Verhoven, having won big with his film Robocop, found out that his effects
animator Tippett loved dinosaurs, and together they hoped to make a dinosaur
film with producer Jon Davison. David Allen, an animator in his own right who
studied under Harryhausen and Dansforth, was eager to direct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">The plot was to
be a silent epic about a Styracosaurus named </span>Woot. He and his friends,
including Suri the mammal, would be in a lifelong struggle with the
Tyrannosaurus Grozni. In the final sequence, Woot would slay his enemy
predator, but his own life would be ended by the asteroid at the end of the
Cretaceous. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-pr6saoo-hsjy3SazCY9dGJXeew-zBcnv7YCLaWXy5qOkv63scRkkOyj02UDPDIekykTs5Yp0BV0lfNDZzeqKt8pqsT1gIXdEc9ndfGskhXPVIDzcPTJBRKW7j95mGNcKtBDpFuv_f-A/s1600/Tumblr_nu88piSq591ubskn2o3_250.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-pr6saoo-hsjy3SazCY9dGJXeew-zBcnv7YCLaWXy5qOkv63scRkkOyj02UDPDIekykTs5Yp0BV0lfNDZzeqKt8pqsT1gIXdEc9ndfGskhXPVIDzcPTJBRKW7j95mGNcKtBDpFuv_f-A/s1600/Tumblr_nu88piSq591ubskn2o3_250.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Of course, they
didn’t have the budget for this ambitious film. They pitched it to Disney, who
refused to cough up the budget.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Disney,
however, bought the rights. They would hope to make an animated film featuring
an Iguanodon and Carnotaurus to cash in on the success of the Land Before Time.
Phil Tippet called his friend William Stout to get in there since his own
dinosaur project was sunk as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stout
was involved with character design, but was sidelined and kept in the dark
about the script.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Disney put it on the
backburner, though, preferring to instead focus on the fantasy musical genre
based on their own huge hit of the Little Mermaid. It took until 1999 when
computer animators could finally match their two-dimensional predecessors for
Disney to finally make the film. I’ve already discussed what went horribly
wrong. Can Disney make another dinosaur movie? The bomb of The good Dinosaur
and the success of Jurassic World gives mixed signals. It’s a big question
mark.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>War Eagles</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">This one dates
back to Willis O’Brien himself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
the megahit of King Kong, Willis O’Brien pitched a new idea to Merian C Cooper-
a story of American pilots encountering a lost world of dinosaurs, Arctic
Vikings, and giant eagles as their steeds. Cooper planned out the story,
drawing on his own experience as an American pilot in the First world War and
the Soviet-Polish war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O’Brien’s
modelmaker Marcel Delgado started to make the models, and O’Brien started
animation tests with his Kong team.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Novelist Cyril Hume, who had written the screenplay of Tarzan the ape
Man, wrote a script. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNQawkCW3S6unC41H3fdI71QisGVDQV3y9gltEzVBfw0N6D4TjcUgg9tauwv5kDW4P8EcgAaG_oLT9YGBVQo1GCAvr6Of1iyTlsAseSbOXuTmvsL_SsraGXveClm2btkn_2TzygEjnSoA/s1600/10499703_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="799" data-original-width="1000" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNQawkCW3S6unC41H3fdI71QisGVDQV3y9gltEzVBfw0N6D4TjcUgg9tauwv5kDW4P8EcgAaG_oLT9YGBVQo1GCAvr6Of1iyTlsAseSbOXuTmvsL_SsraGXveClm2btkn_2TzygEjnSoA/s320/10499703_1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Unfortunately,
War interrupted the Eagles. Cooper was distracted by other projects under RKO
mandate, moved to MGM with O’Brien, then Japan attacked China. Cooper joined
the US army Air Corps again, planning for American squadrons in China. O’Brien
and Cooper would reunite to make Mighty Joe Young, but War Eagles still
remained a distant dream. Even after their passing, O’Brien’s protégé Ray
Harryhausen hung on to O’Brien’s notes and papers and material.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With help from O’Brien’s estate and
Harryhausen, film historians have been able to reconstruct the lost project as
both a novel and a documentary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With
it’s high concept and period setting, this film would be a challenge to see
realized, but we can still see the art<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>and read the works, and the eagles will fly in our mind. </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/War-Eagles-David-Conover/dp/159393209X"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">https://www.amazon.co.uk/War-Eagles-David-Conover/dp/159393209X</span></a><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">https://www.amazon.co.uk/War-Eagles-Inspired-Original-Creator/dp/1932431748/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1237219284&sr=8-1</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Godzilla 96</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">In 1992, Toho
studios began to plan their retirement of Godzilla. They began talking to
Tristar Pictures about a cross-promotional efforts;a situation where it would
be Tristar’s turn to make Godzilla movies while Toho acted as distributor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With Jurassic Park winning big, Tristar
eagerly agreed. In 1993, they assigned Terry Rossio and Ted Elliot (who had
made it big with their script to the Disney megahit Aladdin) to write the
script, after reviewing treatments by Clive Baker and the Thomas brothers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It took another year before they decided on a
director, in this case Jan DeBont who had helmed the successful Speed. Turns
out DeBont is a huge Godzilla fan and went full board for the it. He sent in
Donald MacPherson to edit the script and David Fincher to shoot many of the
sequences, and Stan Winston’s studio and James Cameron’s Digital Domain would
provide the effects. Production designer Joseph C Nemec hired on Ricardo
Delgado and Mark McCreery to design Godzilla, creating a familiar design that
still heavily incorporated modern ideas on dinosaurs. DeBont already had Helen
Hunt and Bill Paxton chosen as his stars. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0UwybtSUftgSHuoGU1bca4IWCgjcfiZ7iiOcW_uuRX5WDfoDKQsvQu-vS0zOTCOQJNGgfGwPw5331D2tc9JC1zJMTNbBQ3gO2T8KU-QjM7fg14z-vfy_7UywBJrSSxjWsQIHCO_KnK0Q/s1600/59wsad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="459" data-original-width="920" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0UwybtSUftgSHuoGU1bca4IWCgjcfiZ7iiOcW_uuRX5WDfoDKQsvQu-vS0zOTCOQJNGgfGwPw5331D2tc9JC1zJMTNbBQ3gO2T8KU-QjM7fg14z-vfy_7UywBJrSSxjWsQIHCO_KnK0Q/s320/59wsad.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">In this story, an
alien probe crashes onto Earth, awakening Godzilla.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A team of social outcasts slowly assemble as
the aliens and Godzilla cross America. Godzilla is tranquilized and found out
to be a creation of ancient alien biogeneering for exactly this kind of
scenario, while the alien invaders assemble a new kaiju, part snake, part bat,
part cougar called the Gryphon. Godzilla reeawakens and then defeats the enemy
kaiju, the humans allowing him to retreat to the sea unmolested. </span></div>
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Unfortunately, this project was considered too expensive and
put on hold just before filming began. Then another blow: in 1996, Roland
Emmerich made the insanely successful Independence Day. Emmerich holds the
character of Godzilla and Godzilla films in contempt, and tends to be a
horrible writer, but his new film eclipsed Speed in terms of box office.
Tristar pulled the plug on DeBont and hired on Emmerich. What followed was a
financial success but critical failure, only pulling in any kind of profit due
to brilliant marketing. Toho promoted it, but the Japanese fans were disgusted.
Toho instead decided to revive Godzilla the old-fashioned way themselves, making
6 more films before retirement. It took <span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Yoshimitsu Banno’s (who had directed a Godzilla film himself) initative
after Toho retiring the character again for an American company to get the
rights, Legendary and Warner Brothers in this case. The Gareth Edwards film
also took a long haul to make, but its fidelity to Godzilla’s design and
character redeemed the franchise, which is still going to this day.</span></div>
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2. El Toro Estrella/Emilio and Guloso/Valley of the Mist</div>
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Now we return to Willis O’Brien for the last two films.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This one was an idea of his back in 1949.
After making Mighty Joe Young, O’Brien and Harryhausen planned another stop
motion epic, this time with influence of their old favorite genres-lost worlds,
cowboys, and dinosaurs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O’Brien loved
the concept of cowboys and dinosaurs, and penned an outline called Emilio and
Guloso</div>
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The story this time was about a little boy in Mexico named
Emilio, living on a ranch and loving one of the bulls, calling him Guloso. As
the bull grows up, he is selected for the <i>corrida</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, to Emilio’s horror. Emilio vows to get a substitute. Emilio and his Indian
friends capture an Allosaurus and bring him back to civilization. This
backfires as the dinosaur breaks free. Guloso saves the day by breaking free to
save his child friend and both bull and dinosaur slay each other. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjscuUndtTA5mQcm49GORu-1RJbAaOOfJhzxy_pWTcbCtGQOJEZvQS7eE7O5kE0vYrAyikvye2BLQAhCrqvLAueZpeQxjxy-onVEvgT65onAVPLaixMKENscv45AuUSsB0StsVJ1hTCu7U/s1600/113c610ad9a6ba2a044faf9ef97cc74b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="957" data-original-width="1280" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjscuUndtTA5mQcm49GORu-1RJbAaOOfJhzxy_pWTcbCtGQOJEZvQS7eE7O5kE0vYrAyikvye2BLQAhCrqvLAueZpeQxjxy-onVEvgT65onAVPLaixMKENscv45AuUSsB0StsVJ1hTCu7U/s320/113c610ad9a6ba2a044faf9ef97cc74b.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The story was revisited including a Lost World sequence
where <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Emilio and his Indian friends
encounter many dinosaurs in a Lost World and a happy ending where Guloso lives,
under El Toro Estrella in the 50s, but never gained momentum. It was renamed
again during this period, to The Valley of the Mist-this title was also
assigned to a variation of the story, cutting out the child and bull and
instead being based soley on a captive dinosaur in rural Mexico (this spinoff
story was also called Gwangi by O’brien).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>O’Brien sold the idea to RKO, who split it between the King brothers and
the Nassour brothers, who reportedly kept O’Brien. The King brothers (remember
them from Gorgo?) made The Brave One, a very successful film written by the
legendary Dalton Trumbo, while the Nassour brothers made the far less
successful but dinosaur-starring film The Beast of Hollow Mountain. In 1975,
Nassour brothers would then go on to do a limited release version called Emilio
and his Magical Bull that took far more from the Brave One, with the dinosaurs
restricted to a short crude dream sequence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Harryhausen, dismayed by the lackluster execution of O’Brien’s dinosaur,
remade it as Valley of Gwangi, with a more King Kong plot and eschewing the
child and the bull. </div>
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1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Creation</div>
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This final entry is of a project spanning two Willis O’Brien
films, transitioning his craft, and bringing him to the apex. The Lost World
created King Kong, but how one got to the other involves a never-made film that
only exists as a script and sketches by O’Brien.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>O’Brien’s work on the Lost World was famous,
introducing the dramatic storytelling ability of stop-motion animation and the
appeal of dinosaurs to the silent screen. Encouraged, he hoped to make a more
ambitious picture, this time in sound, with more refined techniques. While he
loved the idea of the Lost World, he changed the idea so the plot involved a
shipwreck onto an island, that would later be destroyed at the end. Instead of
a four man expedition by professionals, it would be a teacher and his
employer’s family starring in a more child-friendly but still very violent
story. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE9KnlxGDAux-yyaYHldYXM6flvo8i_DLUsW9x-eRR6oSm_WE822K5AeatpyDArKCG1KAtU0t4fMQwLLjhKOqZyddc-yPSVpz57QJKdTZzMX4dn_d8Jv3wf75dceahyphenhyphenRU7bH2gNHqUgz4/s1600/36fbd67bf47a164665c5f7b5d24acd7f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE9KnlxGDAux-yyaYHldYXM6flvo8i_DLUsW9x-eRR6oSm_WE822K5AeatpyDArKCG1KAtU0t4fMQwLLjhKOqZyddc-yPSVpz57QJKdTZzMX4dn_d8Jv3wf75dceahyphenhyphenRU7bH2gNHqUgz4/s320/36fbd67bf47a164665c5f7b5d24acd7f.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Marcel Delgado made the animals, some of which filled out
the King Kong roster-only the ape and the deleted giant lizards and spiders
were newly made. The Tyrannosaurus that Kong slays was the star of the earlier
story as well as the Stegosaurus Denham kills, and story concepts like men on a
log bridge falling into a chasm, a Pteranodon carrying off a blonde
damsel-in-distress, and a prehistoric jungle<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>were used in Kong. <br />
<br />
O’Brien made a few minutes of footage (two sequences are known to have been
shot and survived) and promoted it to RKO. Harry Hoyt wrote the script, while RKO
assigned Joel McCrea and Ralf Harolde to the project and sent it to Merian C.
Cooper. Cooper thought the plot was trite and mostly “just a bunch of animals
running around”, but he loved the special effects. He told O’Brien he was
thinking of making a movie about a giant gorilla. O’Brien eagerly promoted his
ability to do such a thing, sending sketches and offering to make his giant
gorilla movie. Cooper was willing to keep the dinosaurs to add to the action
instead of using Komodo dragons as his first idea, and let O’Brien influence
him on the aforementioned sequences. Together, they would make Cooper’s giant
gorilla movie and O’Brien’s dinosaur movie, albeit one very different from the
original concept.</div>
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For more details on this project, please purchase the 1933
King Kong Blu-ray and special edition DVD, which has a special feature on this
project, including the one animated sequence and a storyboarded plot with
narration. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>https://www.amazon.com/King-Kong-Collectors-Fay-Wray/dp/B000AY3KN0/</div>
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For the art of the picture- <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Creation-Art-Epic-Production-1930-31/dp/1453701362/">https://www.amazon.com/Creation-Art-Epic-Production-1930-31/dp/1453701362/</a></div>
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I hope you enjoy this article. Again, I would like to plug
Mark Berry’s excellent Dinosaur Filmography as a valuable resource to this
piece. <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Dinosaur-Filmography-Mark-F-Berry/dp/0786424532">https://www.amazon.com/Dinosaur-Filmography-Mark-F-Berry/dp/0786424532</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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For Brian Switek’s list, check out his article https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-best-dinosaur-films-never-made-77990002/</div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-48886026006545044322018-01-27T15:11:00.001-08:002018-01-27T15:11:18.530-08:00Happy 30th: The discoveries of 1988<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">This weekend, I
turned 30 years old. It’s a milestone for me, of course, but it reminded me
about how much can change in 30 years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>30 years ago the dinosaur film was Land Before Time, when dinosaurs were
inspired by the works of Charles Knight and William Stout before the Jurassic
Park paradigm took over.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>30 years
ago,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Berlin Wall still stood
dividing Germany, the first Bush became president coasting in on Reagan’s
popularity, and computer graphics in film were limited to a short by Pixar. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">There were many
milestone in paleontology as well-new species were described, that would become
iconic many years later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, I’ve
decided to showcase all the fossil tetrapods described in 1988.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I can’t go into any depth about each, but
there will be quite a few of them, so hold on your butts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">In terms of
amphibians, very early forms were discovered. David Berman, David Eberth, and
Don Brinkman described a Pantylid from the Carboniferous-Permian transition,
Stegotretus, from New Mexico’s plentiful early Permian rocks. The earliest
salamander, the axolotllike Marmorerpeton from the </span>Kilmaluag Formation
of Scotland<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">, was described by Susan
Evans, Andrew Milner, and F. Musett. Finally, Wealdenbatrachus from </span>La
Huérguina Formation, was discovered by Bernard Krebs alongside many small
reptiles. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Reptiles in
general saw quite a few discoveries. Lizards are represented by Selmasaurus, a
small mosasaur from Alabama discovered by Samuel W. Shannon and Kenneth R.
Wright. The Choristoderan Irenosaurus was described from the Hühteeg Formation
of Cretaceous Mongolia by Mikhail Efimov. The primitive archosaur Dongusuchus
was described from Andrey Sennikov from the rich Donguz formation of Permian
Russia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only one new pterosaur was described-Tupuxara
from the Santa Formation of Brazil, by Alexander Kellner and Diogenes de
Almedia Campos.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Two new
crocodiles were discovered-Amargasuchus from Cretaceous Argentina by the great
Luis M. Chiappe, and Chrysochampsa from the Paleocene-Eocene transition in the
USA. However, the dinosaurs remain the best represented reptile group in terms
of new genera.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Sauropods, as always,
appear. In this year it was the dubious Protognathosaurus from China’s lower
Dashanpu formation described by the prolific George Olshevsky and the very
early Kotsaurus from early Jurassic India discovered by P. Yadagiri. However,
two new sauropod genera were also separated from much older taxa: sauropod guru
James A Jensen determined that some Camarasaur bones were distinct enough to be
a separate genus, Cathetosaurus, and Werner Janensch’s iconic Tanzanian
Brachiosaur was determined by anatomist and artist Gregory Paul to be a
distinct genus called Giraffititan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">This also
occurred in non-sauropod dinosaurs-a Gorgosaur specimen belonging to
Cleveland’s natural history Museum was proposed by its curator Michael
Williams, tyrannosaur expert Phillip Currie, and the revolutionary
paleontologist Robert Bakker to be Nanotyrannus. This specimen remains highly
debated, and most paleontologists consider it a juvenile Tyrannosaurus. Bakker
also separated an ankylosaur, Denverosaurus, found in the United States, from
the Canadian Edmontonia and Panoplosaurus. Again, this is controversial-Kenneth
Carpenter and Michael Burns have debated over the validity of the species.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Less controversial
are new finds from old sites; Jack horner and David B. Weishampel had long been
familiar with the Cretaceous USA Two Medicine Formation, and there discovered a
new small ornithopod Orodromeus, and likewise Rinchen Barsbold’s extensive
prospecting of the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia led to the discovery of a new
ornithomimid Anserimimus. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">More modern
dinosaurs, birds, were also described-Peter W. Houde found the False Tinamou,
Pseudocrypturus from Wyoming’s Green River Formation. Herculano Alvarengera
found an extinct lineage of galliform bird, Taubacrex, from Miocene rocks in
Sao Paolo. Finally, P.R. Willener discovered a genus and two species of wren
from Pleistocene New Zealand, Pachyplichas.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Finally, mammals.
Discoveries range from the most basal to the most derived of mammals. On the
basal end, there is Afrodon, a primitive mammal from Paleocene Morroco,
discovered by </span>Emmanuel Gheerbrant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the derived end, Omar and Linares described Desmodus draculae, a much
larger species of vampire bat (giant vampire bat usually means average size
insectivore bat) from Ice Age Venezuela that probably specialized in megafauna.
Another derived animal was a new adapiform primate from mid-Eocene France,
discovered by Marc Godinot.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was
another new species of primate, Lufengipithecus hudiensis, a Sivapithecine ape
from late Miocene Yuanmou. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was a very good year for Christian de Muizon of the <span class="st">Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>and Larry Marshall of Arizona’s many museums as they described
many new taxa from South America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>De
Muizon described a Kentriodont dolphin Atocetus, a river dolphin Brachydelphis,
and a pygmy sperm whale Scaphokogia, while Larry Marshall described a La Ventan
marsupial Hondalgaus. Together they described Pucadelphys, a marsupial relative
that evolved right after the K-Pg extinction. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Other marine mammals discovered in 1988 were the mysterious bigtoothed
walrus Pelagiarctos from California, described by Lawrence Barnes, and the
recently extinct Takikawa sea cow from Hokkaido, described by Hitoshi Furusawa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Finally, it was a good year for ungulates. Martin Pickford, a
specialist in East African mammals, found Cainochoerus, an early pig. From
mid-Eocene China, I.A. Vislobokova described Eoentelodon, the earliest in the
lineage of entelodont whippomorphs. Debius Geraads found a very early species
of white Rhino from Turkey, Ceratotherium neumayri. Finally, a new very large
lipotern Xenorhinotherium was described from Brazil and Venezula by Castor Cartelle
and Gisele Lessa. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">As you can guess, a lot can happen in a year paleontologically. Just
check out any good paleo blog’s year in review-they’ve gotten so good I’ve
given up with trying to compete with them. All these taxa celebrate their 30<sup>th
</sup>birthdays this year, so raise a glass and remember the revolutionary
discoveries of the past, and hope for more in the future. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-61547604744879880112018-01-18T10:16:00.001-08:002018-01-18T10:16:40.514-08:00Book Review: Starring T.rex<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
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As you’ve probably guessed by now, I’m fascinated by pop
culture’s views on dinosaurs. Fortunately, I’m not alone. Allen Debus, Don
Glut, and many others have documented our obsession with prehistoric creatures,
and today I’m going to look at one of these documents. </div>
<a name='more'></a><br /><br />
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Written by Jose Luis Sanz of the University of Madrid in
2002, the book is called Starring T. rex: Dinosaur Mythology and Popular
Culture, a historical and thematic overview of dinosaurs in fiction. It covers
a broad spectrum, but each topic is covered briefly. It’s an overview, not a
more detailed account like the work of Debus and Glut. Of all these books, this
is one of the easiest to reads and works the best as an introduction.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The first eight chapters cover a history of dinosaur
discoveries and how science has influenced our views. The first chapter covers
the first discoveries and Hawkins’ depictions, the second on the rise of the
United States as a source of dinosaurs, and the third on the flourishing of
fiction with Arthur Conan Doyle’s the Lost World, Jules Verne’s Journey to the
Center of the Earth, and how animation pioneers like Windsor McCay and Willis
O’Brien turned to dinosaurs as subjects.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The 1930s are the next period covered, with Brown and
Andrews’ discoveries for the American Museum, the 1933 Chicago World’s Fair and
its exhibits, and Charles Knight’s art for the American, the Field, and the
Lost Angeles Museums, culminating in 1925’s the Lost World and 1933’s King Kong
by Willis O’Brien. A chapter on Walt Disney’s dinosaurs in the 1940 film
Fantasia is followed by a digression about depictions of dinosaur intelligence,
but returns to finish the history by covering the Dinosaur Renaissance
pioneered by Ostrom, Bakker and Ricqles and the 1990s dinosaur fad that
occurred when these new scientific discoveries were finally recognized in
1993’s Jurassic Park.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The next seven chapters are dedicated to how fiction gets
humans to meet with dinosaurs; period fiction with dinosaur protagonists is
relatively uncommon as for many writers it is unthinkable to write from
anything but a human perspective. He lists the plot devices as follows: The
Lost World where dinosaurs have survived to the human era, Frozen Dinosaurs
where the animals are preserved until awakening in the present, Time Travel
bringing two of Earth’s eras together, Reevolution of dinosaurs in a
postapocalyptic setting, Dinosaurs existing via parallel evolution on other
planets, and the Resurrection of dinosaurs via biotechnology in Jurassic Park </div>
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<br /></div>
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Another brief digression covers fiction about dinosaur
extinction, scientific, supernatural, or otherwise. The Lost World is expounded
on in a chapter on Cryptzoology and the myths of Nessie and Mokele Membe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The previous chapter on the assumed stupidity
of dinosaurs is counterpointed with recent speculation and depictions of intelligent
dinosaurs. <br />
<br />
The Next two chapters discuss how humans interact in these stories-while
occasionally the contact is friendly, as in James Gurney’s Dinotopia, it
usually is a conflict. Sanz then describes three categories of coexistence :
First, Fantasy where humans and dinosaurs simply are contemporaries in the same
environment, second, humans arrive in a dinosaur habitat via travel of some
sort, and third dinosaurs appearing in human civilization.</div>
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<br /></div>
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This last category
he reduces to a six step storyline: 1) Dinosaur appears, 2) The Natural and
social order is altered, 3) the dinosaur attacks humans, 4) human beings attack
the dinosaur, 5) the dinosaur is destroyed, and 6) the natural and social order
is restored.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This in turn is followed by
why these stories are told the way they are, and how dinosaurs become horror
villains by becoming symbols of larger themes. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The last few chapters are on disconnected themes-what
dinosaurs looked like and how artists use imagination to reconstruct them,
Japanese kaiju films as an outgrowth of the dinosaur genre, how dinosaurs
inspired dragon myths and how in turn dragon myths inspire dinosaur fiction,
and two chapters on dinosaur behavior and ecology in science and fiction. </div>
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<br /></div>
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It’s not a very coherent narrative, but more of a grab bag
of overall themes as in Glut’s Dinosaur Scrapbook. It doesn’t go into depth
about literature like Debus’ book, or films like Berry’s. Still, each topic is
well-summarized and well explained. It’s difficult to simplify a topic covering
over a century of fiction in all media forms, so I am quite satisfied by this
one.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I give it a 75/100 overall. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I apologize for the short article this time. I’ll post again
tomorrow, this time with a longer entry. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-55772762341330593072017-11-05T15:06:00.000-08:002017-11-05T15:07:17.855-08:00Species that don't get enough publicity #13: Bison<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
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Today’s overlooked species is rather paradoxical; it’s not
really overlooked as the genus has become a symbol of an entire continent.
People of that continent can recognize one instantly. Empires have risen and
fell because of them. Their meat is expensive but delicious. Their herds range
over thousands of miles, and only centuries before covered the entire continent
in a thick swath. They are the last American megafauna, and they escaped the
fate of their neighbors by the skin of their teeth. That’s right, we’re talking
about American bison. Yesterday was Bison Day, and I’m going to celebrate our
last great mammal before it too is lost to human hunger and short-sightedness.</div>
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So, where else to start this post about this classic
American emblem than Hebei. The mighty bovid family began their conquest of the
world with Eotragus, starting in Central Asia and appearing as east as Thailand
and as west as Spain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bovids combine
complex social behavior with ruminant stomachs, allowing them to exploit the
grasslands in ways elephants and rhinos could never attempt. This ability to
thrive on grass was perfect for the cooling world of the Miocene, and they grew
in size.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8 million years, Buffalo
evolved, reaching Africa, Europe and Indonesia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In India, the genus Bos appears in the Pliocene, and spreads to Britain,
Algeria, and Siberia. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJXKGmkjy4EyG8P6yCkyCpr8jf0yWBHng_khZXu0tfJKANxR8AcR28ibiGfRXIO0K3-1g_OvgfpwrtqpgVM7ylZaoRlDyB7b4LcuS2HXpNmpulGkiZ3XIcv7M66P-c10hG4OvfnhmpZdQ/s1600/bos_primigenius_by_sinammonite-d2b3l6w.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="800" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJXKGmkjy4EyG8P6yCkyCpr8jf0yWBHng_khZXu0tfJKANxR8AcR28ibiGfRXIO0K3-1g_OvgfpwrtqpgVM7ylZaoRlDyB7b4LcuS2HXpNmpulGkiZ3XIcv7M66P-c10hG4OvfnhmpZdQ/s320/bos_primigenius_by_sinammonite-d2b3l6w.jpg" width="320" /></a> </div>
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However, there is a barrier; the cold steppes of
Russia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While Bos itself can hold on in
Europe using warm spells and migration, the harder winters are a challenge.
That’s when the wooly cattle evolve. Almost immediately after the evolution of
Indian cattle, cold weather varieties develop. One species of Bos, B. mutus,
conquers the Tibetan Plateau and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>spreads
across the steppes. While this species is nearly extinct today, a domestic
species succeeds it, ironically created by those driving their wild cousins
into extinction. These yaks spread into Mongolia and China in the Pleistocene,
and that’s where our friend the Bison first appears.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFjMGkUIa8XDuN5c4j7ZEC6HDSQULX4ZgXzGE519LKVFFryyrFTYxbCRFfG2sW74Lukdm0r7Uc8btAb8byBt-W7LBgNVcKM0L0Eelaeo1Ku0u0SrLo79vqYrxnQ_AdRxyt0lll9MyzkLg/s1600/bison_palaeosinensis_by_sinammonite-d2b3jmt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="800" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFjMGkUIa8XDuN5c4j7ZEC6HDSQULX4ZgXzGE519LKVFFryyrFTYxbCRFfG2sW74Lukdm0r7Uc8btAb8byBt-W7LBgNVcKM0L0Eelaeo1Ku0u0SrLo79vqYrxnQ_AdRxyt0lll9MyzkLg/s320/bison_palaeosinensis_by_sinammonite-d2b3jmt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The oldest Bison is Bison palaeosinensis, discovered by
Teilhard De Chardin, a Jesuit theologian and geologist who also discovered the
first Homo erectus in China nearby. It seems that we were eating bison as soon
as they appeared. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The layers of fur and
fat, along with other physiological adaptations, allowed bison to survive the
chilly winters of Pleistocene China and spread into Russia. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioWYcjVcP72EVzKmJimCQNfrg732UXKeVTYDuwG49CxzyheVst4FcsTWWjTOcfVwrVnfaBkt7EQmT8gt_9zdKdfOvoZ3Ib1WEPX3JO_6Ne8qiDhRP8Y31Te1oNS-V-d_epi25fDD0QRRE/s1600/IMG_3430.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioWYcjVcP72EVzKmJimCQNfrg732UXKeVTYDuwG49CxzyheVst4FcsTWWjTOcfVwrVnfaBkt7EQmT8gt_9zdKdfOvoZ3Ib1WEPX3JO_6Ne8qiDhRP8Y31Te1oNS-V-d_epi25fDD0QRRE/s320/IMG_3430.JPG" width="320" /></a>Two Russian species evolved: the big grasslands Bison
priscus, and the smaller woodlands bison Bison <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B.schoetensacki&action=edit&redlink=1" title="B.schoetensacki (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">schoetensacki</span></a>. Together
they browsed their way from Europe to the Beringia land bridge. We’ll return to
Bison Priscus when we get to Dale Guthrie’s amazing book.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As they reached the Caucasus, the woodland
and Steppe bison interbred with the northern Aurochs herds, and the Bos genes influenced
the Bison populations to evolve into a new species: the visent. The hybrid
outlived the woodland bison, then the aurochs, replacing them genetically. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin1Zt_f8FHraVNGBNSy2eZbeUZENB-ZGWap-EYhabJNADjSt1IFi_EqPx1nD3bx399Ssd6GUDj6pvWrQdPFO5aPaHUA9_tdJ9cP8OkzyWG3BxHoayaRC_wMGZukGpnVgWQOgaNRCRBsFo/s1600/IMG_2530.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin1Zt_f8FHraVNGBNSy2eZbeUZENB-ZGWap-EYhabJNADjSt1IFi_EqPx1nD3bx399Ssd6GUDj6pvWrQdPFO5aPaHUA9_tdJ9cP8OkzyWG3BxHoayaRC_wMGZukGpnVgWQOgaNRCRBsFo/s320/IMG_2530.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCnGEFff8WL-mJemWPvUHQADj8G4ik1LneDGbu93f95x4gWaSo8CBc_00zGhNH1E0GddcrfwloZyOpLCVFCB7SirjxmNDVGa7KmLIF0ZvyTDkzZYFAS-6hjrva9EyE1Z-T77aS33DULBo/s1600/IMG_7276.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCnGEFff8WL-mJemWPvUHQADj8G4ik1LneDGbu93f95x4gWaSo8CBc_00zGhNH1E0GddcrfwloZyOpLCVFCB7SirjxmNDVGa7KmLIF0ZvyTDkzZYFAS-6hjrva9EyE1Z-T77aS33DULBo/s320/IMG_7276.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOwP5iccWHchVMvP01cZL2H_rBhH67IOP6UxkoreS7Twrg34CxC4WLqoBX63GNlcN13e0_6wvB2_qx5_PznHbesPJye0XHnL5fV-iJGyr6ZQTK5c8w-POE9E5o3cDRsCK0hoREg0PVcLQ/s1600/IMG_7275.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOwP5iccWHchVMvP01cZL2H_rBhH67IOP6UxkoreS7Twrg34CxC4WLqoBX63GNlcN13e0_6wvB2_qx5_PznHbesPJye0XHnL5fV-iJGyr6ZQTK5c8w-POE9E5o3cDRsCK0hoREg0PVcLQ/s320/IMG_7275.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLq_KSU58XRVDBNZYFfK6q3AiuVs-9KTYuIWRlMNJ-ouw5aFt4Eg8iaW8tbnPElG5Kqo8MvgO19DdPhsXYD3MhsP00Jq8oSYUJhbumUgDj7NkASK4-_obIxNkFha0GvqcHs7L5h3KC1CA/s1600/IMG_8745.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLq_KSU58XRVDBNZYFfK6q3AiuVs-9KTYuIWRlMNJ-ouw5aFt4Eg8iaW8tbnPElG5Kqo8MvgO19DdPhsXYD3MhsP00Jq8oSYUJhbumUgDj7NkASK4-_obIxNkFha0GvqcHs7L5h3KC1CA/s320/IMG_8745.JPG" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV52DiskXNVtzhrr-1KCgiJP98c3zJduKI4-q38hiDWX5aqFrY3HFHvOG6N1wghUO86TiLKtMZ5n7U-8t_S3gz6Ka7KOEKG3YZjliE3PzQqFJRlmn5W2x0BhcdAte3oJaN3iqZ9hAEx38/s1600/IMG_9613.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV52DiskXNVtzhrr-1KCgiJP98c3zJduKI4-q38hiDWX5aqFrY3HFHvOG6N1wghUO86TiLKtMZ5n7U-8t_S3gz6Ka7KOEKG3YZjliE3PzQqFJRlmn5W2x0BhcdAte3oJaN3iqZ9hAEx38/s320/IMG_9613.JPG" width="320" /></a>Bison started evolving quickly in North America after
250,000 years ago-the Steppe Bison evolved into both giant and slightly smaller
species. The Steppe Bison ranged in the Northwest, from Alaska to Idaho. The
giant longhorn bison ranged from British Colombia to Guerrero to the
Mississippi River to the east, although a small population managed to make it
to Florida. This species reached 2.5 meters at the shoulder, 3 meters at the
hump, two metric tons in weight, and with a 2-meter horn-span.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The giant size warded off the predatory cats,
wolves and bears, and the great horns acted as the ultimate sexual signal.<br />
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The ancient bison Bison antiquus, roamed from California (well represented at
the La Brea Tar Pits) to Virginia south of the Ice sheets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For 200,000
the species outnumbered every other megafauna, and while not as big as its
giant cousin, was a respectable 2.27 meters at the shoulder and 1.5 metric tons
with a meter-long horn-span.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lions,
sabertoothed cats, dire wolves and short-faced bears relied on them as regular
prey for their last 200,000 years, and there’s evidence humans hunted them as
well </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgibl7M-HwBU07YDXHa6MNpQ0PVKe2grT0MLRIWrkxsYlSqJ5G9tPszCUakRc5tNVhi6KsN97f_TOeTMscFmLCUaq2UyUpgfZ84HFEpCr9POXdaTMP4Fji21YsGNHp2TWmJ5_yTm-0F4Dw/s1600/Bison+Equus+Field+%25282%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgibl7M-HwBU07YDXHa6MNpQ0PVKe2grT0MLRIWrkxsYlSqJ5G9tPszCUakRc5tNVhi6KsN97f_TOeTMscFmLCUaq2UyUpgfZ84HFEpCr9POXdaTMP4Fji21YsGNHp2TWmJ5_yTm-0F4Dw/s320/Bison+Equus+Field+%25282%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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As the ice ages progressed, populations shifted. 30,000
years ago, the giant longhorn went extinct, probably due to the climate
promoting smaller animals in times of famine and the arrival of the first
humans on the continent, and their smaller cousins outlived them. The ancient
bison itself went extinct about 10,000 years ago, along with many other species
such as the sloths, camels, horses, and mammoths that shared its habitat and
its many giant predators. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9rofICK2wWPtxE2ZgQv16XGZ-65q3Xke59EmCEZZx-er3-iOzrVmtNWfuVH9Cyu6br4hSUj81Q8Q9W07rqb6wkUSVtY7ug1EY4Zm7-Np6UqBsGQMCtHDUm7BXBvN_fH51tj_5xxdKLfA/s1600/IMG_6282.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9rofICK2wWPtxE2ZgQv16XGZ-65q3Xke59EmCEZZx-er3-iOzrVmtNWfuVH9Cyu6br4hSUj81Q8Q9W07rqb6wkUSVtY7ug1EY4Zm7-Np6UqBsGQMCtHDUm7BXBvN_fH51tj_5xxdKLfA/s320/IMG_6282.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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However, this extinction, probably caused by human pressure
as new populations arrived in greater weapons and deadlier weapons, did not
destroy the genus. Smaller bodied populations were promoted, and they managed
to simply outbreed their human predators. For the next 10,000 years, bison held
their own against the bow, spear, and javelin in their current species, Bison
bison. This species used to range from Alaska to Durango, from the Appalachians
to the Great Basin. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While not as big as
the past species, at 2 meters at the hump and 1 metric ton for some bulls, they’re
the last megafauna. </div>
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The past 200 years have been rough. Population booms of the
native Americans often led to bison shortages, and eventually the herds began
to become managed. It was the 19<sup>th</sup> century that proved the most
trying time; in the 1820s, the Comanche empire began to decline as wars with
Mexico led to overhunting beyond their usual careful management. To make
matters worse, the United States had found out the native peoples of the
Americans, slowly being pushed west with the bison they hunted, relied much on
the animal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the 1860s, the war of
extermination had began; in order to exterminate the Native Americans and drive
the railroads to California’s gold fields, the bison had to be exterminated as
well. High caliber rifles combined with greed for land and racial prejudice on
the point of genocide, and bison populations plummeted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From 40 million at the time of the
Mexican-Comanche War, to 5 million as the US pressed into Nebraska to conquer
the Cheyenne and Lakota, to finally 300 at the turn of the 20<sup>th</sup>
century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi76eQbJTWP9oqLc_l88Znmdf3hRwtNszkpaONmtLj6LsW9UiX5bqGiafkpzKySQnmZFpD8ue98iMdSrvkXMgLN9ceLItuEIqsklsgOaBX4ix1vGW93bovCe__c_03nbWkSFQk_hbZ7cLs/s1600/IMG_2883.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi76eQbJTWP9oqLc_l88Znmdf3hRwtNszkpaONmtLj6LsW9UiX5bqGiafkpzKySQnmZFpD8ue98iMdSrvkXMgLN9ceLItuEIqsklsgOaBX4ix1vGW93bovCe__c_03nbWkSFQk_hbZ7cLs/s320/IMG_2883.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Two things saved the bison: a few ranchers, including the
legendary <span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">James "Scotty"
Philip, Michel Pablo, and Charles Goodnight, maintained herds to save this
emblem, and a new agenda to establish national parks. Ulysses S Grant’s
Yellowstone National Park had a herd back in 1872, and New York’s Police
Commissioner Theodore Roosevelt and his cowboy friends manage to successfully
protect the park from local ranchers. Roosevelt would later promote the park as
President, all too happy to see one last wilderness in his Industrialized
Empire. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdLu_3lQx6Zf1zjRglPB84Ys7qe6MYBSxbhNLAwBH0A9NHRx1wAj61cDxNWfaOhn96GJ1y4P2ufOTdEWOGBTRlBO7JhH-rnjj3TG5MBXNCc1xUR_ldM1n2mRQ1MfgU6BEnSvW25i1lXpc/s1600/IMG_2885.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdLu_3lQx6Zf1zjRglPB84Ys7qe6MYBSxbhNLAwBH0A9NHRx1wAj61cDxNWfaOhn96GJ1y4P2ufOTdEWOGBTRlBO7JhH-rnjj3TG5MBXNCc1xUR_ldM1n2mRQ1MfgU6BEnSvW25i1lXpc/s320/IMG_2885.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Ranchers,
government agencies, and native American Nations have worked hard this past
century to restore the herds. Now bison number almost 400,000 as wild, captive,
or zoo animals. It’s a slow process, retarded by mass agriculture, mining and
American politics against conservation, but bison cling on where the rest of
the Megafauna have passed. Here’s hoping for another 250,000 years of American
bison. </span></div>
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I apologize for this short entry. </div>
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David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-76694835035771094522017-10-26T08:53:00.000-07:002017-10-26T10:05:42.935-07:00Prehistoric Warfare Episode 6: Carcharodontosaurus vs Spinosaurus<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
<br />
Now for something different. In 2004, Animal Planet showed as new series
called Animal Face Off, a series reconstructing conflicts between coexisting
animals. While the execution was clumsy and lacking, the concept is strong and
I think easily applied to prehistoric fauna. Ideally, there would be
professionals discussing the situations, but unfortunately, you have only me.
First I will compare the animals, and then depict their behavior, before
concluding with the final battle. The outcome will be my personal
opinion; and there would be many times when the outcome would be decidedly
different. This is not a scientific consensus, but one researcher’s opinion. <br />
<br />
We all love dinosaur battles. They’re always a high point in a film. It’s childish, but it’s
just plain fun. So, I’m hoping to use this opportunity to use this
almost-universal appeal to get people thinking and talking about ecology,
biomechanics, and behavior. Only one or two of these stories will be based on
actual fossils-the rest are likely possibilities that must have happened
sometime or another. In real life, animals usually don’t fight on even terms,
but it does happen. Sometimes prey turn the tables, sometimes predators quarrel
between themselves, but it can happen. I hope you enjoy this. Again, first I
will have two scenes, one for each animal showing them in their habitat and
showcasing their particular skills, then finally concluding with a battle
between the two.<br />
<br />
<br />
I MUST WARN THAT THIS WILL BE VIOLENT. IF YOU HAVE A PARTICULARLY
VIVID IMAGINATION, OR HAVE AN AVERSION TO GRAPHIC NATURALISTIC VIOLENCE, I
STRONGLY SUGGEST NOT CLICKING ON THE CUT</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Today takes us to 25 Million
years and over 6 thousand miles from our last scene. And yet, some things still
continue. Indeed, it seems geography plays a bigger role than time in this
case.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The great sea stretches from the
islands of Europe to Niger, a great bay stretching from Tunisia to Egypt, the
coast tropical and wet. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ocean teems
with fish, many of them belonging to families still extant today. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The air is full of a new breed of pterosaur,
replacing the fish-specialist ornithocheirids. These generalists are toothless,
already reaching the size of the largest ornithocherids. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkr1Hi01mQCO1rdHOAdPSL_b5D5wjzcpJVoMpsnKIgEtaWbiaxCFYcpZ0L8heWOhRwa4VufV98hwd88GvpHt4Qi5teHG4XInnT8X3S67HN87OVkTv75V53VigCsmbfdBnMm-7xVdFXe5k/s1600/rugops-primus-dinosaurs-and-alanqa-sergey-krasovskiy_cd61.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="636" data-original-width="900" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkr1Hi01mQCO1rdHOAdPSL_b5D5wjzcpJVoMpsnKIgEtaWbiaxCFYcpZ0L8heWOhRwa4VufV98hwd88GvpHt4Qi5teHG4XInnT8X3S67HN87OVkTv75V53VigCsmbfdBnMm-7xVdFXe5k/s320/rugops-primus-dinosaurs-and-alanqa-sergey-krasovskiy_cd61.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">One of these, Alanqa, is soaring
over the tropical African sea, scanning for small fish that thrive in the warm
waters enriched by African rivers. Ah, there’s the school! There’s a big
commotion of Lepidotes, the most common fish for the past 100 million years.
Usually they eat shellfish on the bottom, in the shallows, but have been driven
out by first a giant Onchopristis sawfish into the open water, then set upon by
a giant <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Paranogmius,
a 10 foot fish that usually hunts the 6-foot sharks of the bay. Driven to the
surface, they are easy prey for the Alanqa.<i> </i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">He lands shortly after feeding,
folding in his 20-foot wingspan to watchfully rest on a mangrove tree. He can
make out a herd of Paralititan approaching. They’re on their way to a conifer
forest further down the coast. This lush tropical land will be the wasteland
near the tiny village of Abu Minqar. The desert of Egypt was once a tropical
peninsula adjacent to the vast shallow sea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The Paralititan aren’t threatened
by Alanqa-they’re sixty tons of armored flesh. They’re even bigger than
Pelorosaurus. Across the growing new Atlantic, Argentinosaurus rules the
similar forest of Argentina. This environment is a patchwork of swamps, ocean,
rivers, mangroves, conifers and desert, changing seasonally. Paralititan helps
that change, moving across the land clearing the conifers and mangroves in its
path. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Right now the herd is taking a
shortcut through the Mangroves, and Alanqa must fly for his life or be
destroyed by literally crushing indifference. The herd is composed of dozens of
individuals, and with their size, it stretches for a mile. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s still the wet season and the smell of the
conifers is still in the air, so most of the adults only eat the mangroves in
their way. However, the juveniles, those less than 20 years old and a fraction
of the size, stop to eat. One 10 ton individual lingers to stuff himself as the
herd moves on. Sometimes the herds break up into age groups in the wet season
as a variety of different foliage presents itself, and this allows for all the
members of the herd to get enough food. </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg5GIzvhCRsNPFGjWMOwOY-gSgfUh_vgL4AXAV33M2TOIsfCiqhDoqlaYVvmanQALWPtSHy-1AOirQo8eYEjf3SLEjXGPnZCWz20Q3srn7JURbEZHuV471CVSwYFYB_tqnzfiVJuATBpA/s1600/Paralititan-Todd-Marshall_b6cd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="507" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg5GIzvhCRsNPFGjWMOwOY-gSgfUh_vgL4AXAV33M2TOIsfCiqhDoqlaYVvmanQALWPtSHy-1AOirQo8eYEjf3SLEjXGPnZCWz20Q3srn7JURbEZHuV471CVSwYFYB_tqnzfiVJuATBpA/s320/Paralititan-Todd-Marshall_b6cd.jpg" width="270" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The old work of Brontosaurus and
Apatosaurus continues as it has for the past 100 million years and will
continue to do for another 45 million years. Long necks push light heads into
the greenery, small but efficient teeth carve through the fiber, and all the
tough fiber is processed by stones and stomach acid in a giant digestive
system. Iguanodonts are rare in Africa now, having more success in the floral
forests of Laurasia-sauropods are still on top of the world.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdXHA0dou_pz-AA2ogF-IbzoZQyqXSTD67PPFqlhxL_e4Ne2_GOVeDNEXNkjsK59_odqE75f-CeP5osqMyGNwsySZ4Y3rB1zaW8rnMSaTnxJ113xqJJcwyCTmiwVedhT562CgFb_MYcTY/s1600/11386.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="686" data-original-width="1000" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdXHA0dou_pz-AA2ogF-IbzoZQyqXSTD67PPFqlhxL_e4Ne2_GOVeDNEXNkjsK59_odqE75f-CeP5osqMyGNwsySZ4Y3rB1zaW8rnMSaTnxJ113xqJJcwyCTmiwVedhT562CgFb_MYcTY/s320/11386.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The continued success of the
sauropods has led to the continued success of their predators. Neovenator and
her family are not the only carnosaurs in the Cretaceous. Neovenator’s family
in the African swamps is represented by Deltadromeus, a two ton predator.
Deltadromeus is watching the herds, but a new scent in the air makes him wary.
He’s built for speed, hunting the youngest sauropods and for the occasional
iguanodont. However, he’s reduced to scavenger by the apex predator of the
land.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This predator’s ancestor was
Eocarcharia, and her kin rule the other continents. Her subsonic rumble sends
warning signals to Deltadromeus, and he swiftly retreats from the scene. She is
a Carcharodontosaurus, and she suffers no rivals.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Like Neovenator,
Carcharodontosaurus’ vision lacks depth, but her targets are huge, and her eyes
are sophisticated enough to compensate. She is a giant slayer. When the wet
season will wane, the concentrated herds of sauropods will require her joining
up with others of her kind. She hopes to catch a mate, allowing her to not only
spread her genes but hunt larger targets as a team. However, the amount of food
required for her 8-ton body is immense, so she’s seasoned in hunting sauropods
at all ages. She has only once gone on a pack hunt of an adult Paralititan;
packs form during the migration periods between seasons. She’s hunted with a
mate at the beginning of the wet season. In fact, she has just separated from
her mate. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This time she’s alone, so the
target must be a subadult, and the herd in the mangroves fits the bill quite
nicely. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She can make out one of them
getting separated-while the herd would rather flee than fight, she’d rather
focus on a single individual without the others getting in the way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 10 ton straggler is between her and the
herd, making him a viable target. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Carcharodontosaurus doesn’t have the
reasoning abilities of her coelurosaur contemporaries in the Northern
Continent, but her brain is certainly up to the task, especially since her prey
isn’t that smart themselves.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Still, she approaches him
cautiously. Like all predators, successful kills are far outnumbered by gaffes.
She’s lost hundreds of hunts, and has the scars to prove it. Even a subadult
could throw her to the ground if she’s not careful, and at her weight a fall
could easily cripple her.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Carcharodontosaurus must follow her combination of instinct and
experience. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instinct provides tactics,
while experience provides memories of both success and failure as
reinforcement. Her brain is only the size of a softball, but in it is 100
million years of evolved instinct and 23 years of hunting.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Instead of making a straight
beeline for the prey, she moves so the herd stays upwind of her. Their senses
of smell are enhanced by their height of their nostrils and the size of their
snouts, and their number increased the herd’s likelihood of catching a scent.
Paralilitan carried on the sauropod herding tradition for a reason. Of course,
their predators have evolved countermeasures; in this case, it’s knowing to
move around the target so the wind doesn’t blow the scent of danger at them.</span><br />
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The tradeoff of growing massive
is the weight, but is compensated by the length of each stride. With 12 foot
legs, Carcharodontosaurus can easily outmaneuver her ponderous prey. She’s out
of their scent range in seconds, and they show no sign of noticing her. The
straggler’s still unable to sense her, and she closes the distance slowly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fortunately, he’s not alert; most of the herd
has moved on. Their only interference is if their panic causes the straggler to
run.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Soon she’s entering the
mangroves. It’s harder to see and run, but Carcharodontosaurus knows what
direction to go. She’s still moving slow, especially advisable now as her
visibility is impaired as the trees break up the silhouette of the prey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A few steps more, a few steps more…. there he
is. It’s been half an hour since her first spotting the herd, and now she’s finally
ready to strike. There’s a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>clear line
between her and the young Paralititan and now it’s time to make her gamble.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10 tons of muscle and bone
crashes through the mangrove. A turtle crunches under her foot. A dead fish is
pressed into the mud. It’s only now that the Paralititan youngsters realize
death is upon them, and they react accordingly with full flight. The alarms
echo through the forest, and even the engrossed straggler realizes his
situation. He turns towards the retreating herd, following them as they crash
through the wet forest, destroying everything in their slow but inexorable
path. Carcharodontosaurus must catch up and adrenaline pushes her to her limit.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The straggler’s tail
instinctively swipes back and forth, an instinct evolved to remove pursuing
predators with a 3-ton flail. Carcharodontosaurus has dealt with this before,
though, and she has the healed bones to prove it. She’s lost plenty of teeth
this way. She ducks, gambling on a wild swing missing as the Paralititan flees
in panic. Like many of her gambles today, it pays off as the weapon misses its
mark, and another stride takes her exactly where she needs to be.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Carcharodontosaurus has lowered
her head not only to duck the counterattack, but finally reach with her primary
weapon. Her 4-foot head opens wide and her thin lips pull back to unsheathe 60
curved, serrated teeth. She is the heir to Allosaurus, and she’s taken her
ancestor’s deadly weapons and tactics to new extremes. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With a powerful lash of her neck muscles, her
massive head swings down and slams shut on the massive illotibial band, cutting
deeper through the folds of femoral muscle.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUWkJa-KOMfZSW1R4Z4SnJyzbv4EgipIZa12lNyGlDnJ1ooPxCjwhHKlW-0D7HLG_eJUxRsikMXIwQzZrsf5_i1yQLOPzDrgS7vrBpkqulAGxGO82ccJV_PHhwLfoWt6Noh25hzjtMZUM/s1600/29e33b221be0281eef70d4db7e99af6e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="313" data-original-width="564" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUWkJa-KOMfZSW1R4Z4SnJyzbv4EgipIZa12lNyGlDnJ1ooPxCjwhHKlW-0D7HLG_eJUxRsikMXIwQzZrsf5_i1yQLOPzDrgS7vrBpkqulAGxGO82ccJV_PHhwLfoWt6Noh25hzjtMZUM/s320/29e33b221be0281eef70d4db7e99af6e.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">She’s lost her momentum and the
Paralititan gets a few steps ahead, but the pain and shock kick in. The
sauropod’s bellows of agony spur the herd on, as the crippled sauropod hobbles
hopelessly. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carcharodontosaurus is
fortunate to avoid the next tail swipe, and instead lets the sauropod hobble
off to bleed. Instead of following straight, she loops around several trees,
her sheer size requiring a wide turning radius. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She may have won this fight, but she must make
sure she gets her meal. Her heart is still pumping, her pupils still dilated by
adrenaline; she’s not done</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Paralititan is confused,
crippled, and limping along; his fear is keeping him stumbling forwards, but he
has lost sight of his attacker. Even a more intelligent animal would still be
confused and panicked by the shock, and even a giant sauropod can feel
fear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His long muscular neck slashes
through the air in tandem with his tail and he tries to find his enemy. In the
mangrove forest, visibility is limited; even when he stabs his head through the
branches he can only see forest and more forests. In front of him is his
retreating herd and debris of their stampede. His eyes are small but their
lateral placing and high vantage point compensate. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV5CH2PIWY48ZF7jZvO3rrQslUYJvOaJ8-iIbneM41leQlknmqgfddAgoV3Cy8SeLtCMshcOIkPRkUv5v_CAf2CXYEd9d33pqZwiacY8WsrFogedSNwEplqku-_nj5ee4X6ll2UM8rJdM/s1600/dino.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="405" data-original-width="458" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV5CH2PIWY48ZF7jZvO3rrQslUYJvOaJ8-iIbneM41leQlknmqgfddAgoV3Cy8SeLtCMshcOIkPRkUv5v_CAf2CXYEd9d33pqZwiacY8WsrFogedSNwEplqku-_nj5ee4X6ll2UM8rJdM/s320/dino.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">However, when he finally sees
Carcharodontosaurus, it’s too late. She’s completed her turning movement, and
sticks her head and torso through a clearing next to the front limbs of
Paralititan. She doesn’t go for the body, nor for the swaying head and far end
of the neck, but instead targets the base of the neck. It’s sauropod-slaying
101:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>if you can get past the front
limbs, go for the windpipe and arteries. She’s gambling; she’s been kicked
before, with broken bones to prove it, some of the kicks from a dying
Paralititan. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Her strike hits home;
Carcharodontosaurus’ jaws slash shut, and a powerful back and forth whip of her
powerful neck sends her curved teeth slicing through flesh and muscle to the
bone itself. One of her teeth hits hard, snaps off, but the pain is minor and
she ignores it as she steps backwards to let the shock do its work. Carcharodontosaurus
will be named by its discoverers <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>after
the sharp cutting teeth of the dinosaur, and the great white shark,
Carcharodon, with similarly serrated teeth. Carcharodontosaurus has the flesh
ripping teeth of its Cenozoic shark counterpart, albiet eschewing the piercing
triangular shape for a curve to add more slashing to the bite.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like the shark, each bite causing horrific
trauma.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Paralititan is dying in a panic
as his blood spills into the shallows, his tail and neck thrashing as his
muscles twitch from lack of oxygen. He stumbles a few steps forward, heart
frantically pumping but the blood only pouring out and never reaching the
brain. He can’t scream but only twitch as he falls to the ground, eyes closing
for the last time. The crash sends bloody water spraying onto the standing
trees, the thrashing tail tears apart branches as it whips into the water and
back. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once Paralititan falls, Carcharodontosaurus
moves in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With one foot planted on the
dying titan, she shoves her head against the giant hulk, rolling him onto his
side.She backs away again, avoiding a few last kicks as the sauropod’s
lifeblood continues to spurt into the shallow water. She’s too hungry to wait
for the fallen animal to stop twitching for long though-after a few seconds she
places a foot on the dying giant and hacks at the massive torso with her jaws. Piece
by piece, the fallen giant is carved up and devoured. It’s a scene she’s played
before, and one little removed from her ancestors long ago and far away.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl6UCv7F1kej5mLW4LN7yNwTTy-K_gNAtbP4Ji_73FX_z-fPYMX_C3Yt2O_H-yTx3WzipA55giantOJpegQyck-ktQUsvp0Gk-2tq-WVbeljvcwLtV3ziaYuvXSJY4p6szLKpTpZTpiIg/s1600/onchopristis_by_ntamura-d7bcri3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="467" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl6UCv7F1kej5mLW4LN7yNwTTy-K_gNAtbP4Ji_73FX_z-fPYMX_C3Yt2O_H-yTx3WzipA55giantOJpegQyck-ktQUsvp0Gk-2tq-WVbeljvcwLtV3ziaYuvXSJY4p6szLKpTpZTpiIg/s320/onchopristis_by_ntamura-d7bcri3.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">While the old guard still
strides, new variations have appeared in the Cretaceous.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20 miles down the coast, new, strange, and
giant predators play their trade. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The successful
cartilaginous fish group of rays is diversifying, and a new clade has emerged.
These bottom-dwelling fish have grown large quickly, and already they even
dwarf the other mighty fish of time. This is Onchopristis; a giant sawfish.This
is the first group of sawfish, an extinct sister clade to today’s nearly
extinct group, and already they are twice the size of modern sawfish. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Onchopristis has evolved a long
snout, or rostrum, which it uses to probe the sand. This one is pregnant, and
she’s taking advantage of the breeding cycles of other fish. Retodus, a giant
lungfish closely related to today’s Queensland species, congregates on the
shore. As Onchopristis sweeps her snout through the water, she can smell and
sense the prey fish nearby. Her mind is simple; she doesn’t need any
sophisticated strategies. </span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The faint scent of her prey
reaches her snout as she sweeps the 10 foot long weapon over the sand. With a
flick of her tail Onchopristis angles herself facing downward, and another
flick drives her saw into the sand. A third movement levels her out, and a
powerful sweep of the tail sends her sawing through the sand, the sharp “teeth”
of the snout stabbing through the particles. The sweep brings her in a wide
arc, tearing up the sand, creating a huge cloud in the shallow green water.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">This sweep has exposed some young
lungfish, caught napping. Immediately they dart out and swim through the cloud
of sand, their brown coloring giving them a mediocum of defense. They
instinctively start swimming to shallower water, racing away in a panic.
Usually this works. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Not this time. Sawfish are of ray
lineage, which allows them to hunt for crustaceans and small fish in the
shallow water with their flat bodies. She simply chases them into the shallows,
slashing at the school with her saw. Her brain is in attack mode-kill kill kill
eat eat eat. One lungfish after another is pierced and then wrested free to
float in the water and consumed. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Of course, this distracts her.
Fish are easily distracted. Her predator got lucky: she usually has to stalk
prey for a while for them to get close. This time she can be reckless and throw
her own self into the hunt. She’s experienced with stalking fish; she’s been
hunting fish for 20 years. She started hunting with 1 foot fry. Now she eats 10
foot fish casually. This giant sawfish isn’t her first. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2jEuxPHtgOhgOiSdDsGMCD-CytYWd4piq6LIP-YxzUdAitw9ZbSzxP8VKU718a8jFlssfiJFec3Xdb2Z9Zr2kxjxJWiWdOLtmXA9FreZTOhARsWxATxubkQVkwdLj8wXf8YNeCuskmQk/s1600/DSCN2335.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2jEuxPHtgOhgOiSdDsGMCD-CytYWd4piq6LIP-YxzUdAitw9ZbSzxP8VKU718a8jFlssfiJFec3Xdb2Z9Zr2kxjxJWiWdOLtmXA9FreZTOhARsWxATxubkQVkwdLj8wXf8YNeCuskmQk/s320/DSCN2335.JPG" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">And now Spinosaurus plunges her
15 ton body into the shallows. Onychopristis doesn’t notice the danger until
she feels the sudden pain of spearlike teeth piercing her dorsal fin and great
hooked claws sinking deep into her underside. She instinctively thrashes-her
muscular tail and deadly rostrum usually fend off the abeliosaurs that take
shots at her, but Spinosaurus has the jump on her, and she’s too strong to be
shaken off.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrJ7VzysumSWtDwLDUmGI3kZXdG84TX-9AEjgH4Z-IUjpJPjKmnXIqXIn8c1vfNQPqFZVxW4j0Rtmc_DK-uTZ8H-wAY5ULdNkdagLUsMz_3hehH0fj3FKLG9_1IDcstPsY_f96oX8Flig/s1600/Data.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="945" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrJ7VzysumSWtDwLDUmGI3kZXdG84TX-9AEjgH4Z-IUjpJPjKmnXIqXIn8c1vfNQPqFZVxW4j0Rtmc_DK-uTZ8H-wAY5ULdNkdagLUsMz_3hehH0fj3FKLG9_1IDcstPsY_f96oX8Flig/s320/Data.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">When Onychopristis is released,
it’s on Spinosaurus’ turns; a twist of her neck and body throw the sawfish onto
the sand, sending her rolling onto her back. There’s no escape now;
Onychopristis thrashes wildly but Spinosaurus has the entire situation under her
control. Her claws and teeth have already tore even through the denticle armor
of the sawfish, and as the giant fish bleeds on the sand, her 6- foot jaws
clamp down on a pectoral fin while her claws sink into the fish’s stomach and
back. A yank of her powerful neck and the fin is torn off the body. After
swallowing the morsel, the jaws bite down on the skull of the fish. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">The jaws of
Spinosaurus aren’t bone crushers, but strong enough to make the teeth pierce
cartilage, and the brain and spinal chord of Onychopristis are impaled on the
daggerlike teeth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The twitching and
writhing continues for another minute, however; Spinosaurus isn’t going to
wait. Fin by fin, when piece by piece of the fish is caught in the jaws and
yanked free. Spinosaurus usually prefers the smaller fish of the shallow ocean,
but today she feasts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh01YeUBOzSK13_OvkslqcuWoqCS0Rnyq8N8HjuFwyrErkQQXBxB0Cz_xzvlG-WCKGGiYrLhpjgcZJ7p2fpLfDzN29UfELWSdp9zCT57XnLZbmzr-xkWid7lPkXMaT6CFBImG9DNBkQPqw/s1600/p02cc20z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh01YeUBOzSK13_OvkslqcuWoqCS0Rnyq8N8HjuFwyrErkQQXBxB0Cz_xzvlG-WCKGGiYrLhpjgcZJ7p2fpLfDzN29UfELWSdp9zCT57XnLZbmzr-xkWid7lPkXMaT6CFBImG9DNBkQPqw/s320/p02cc20z.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">So the two predators devour their
way for the next year. Usually the two species never meet. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Most of the time
when they do, they back off from each other with little more than posturing. </span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0oTvI43EMpXmSUYBJQh4klAjzQd0pz3rSgo7J2Q-uo8Kl3FNeJeyTfeOMK9dqfpI0I7eWztSA9DpTtZFKiJ61M2ygbMWx585931Oxctk72MkMf9SOqRTjJKoL1ppBDrf0zglHsXIPGHU/s1600/spinosaurus-hunting-an-onchopristis-mohamad-haghani.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="600" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0oTvI43EMpXmSUYBJQh4klAjzQd0pz3rSgo7J2Q-uo8Kl3FNeJeyTfeOMK9dqfpI0I7eWztSA9DpTtZFKiJ61M2ygbMWx585931Oxctk72MkMf9SOqRTjJKoL1ppBDrf0zglHsXIPGHU/s320/spinosaurus-hunting-an-onchopristis-mohamad-haghani.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "cambria" , serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> But that next year is a bad one. Spinosaurus may be a saltwater predator, but
even she needs fresh water to survive. The fish contain fresh water, but the
drought is bad for the fish, too. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
In the lifetimes of most large theropods, never are they
challenged by a member of their own. Only </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
hard years can cause the possibility of conflict.
Unfortunately for the Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus, it is one of those
hard years. Every century there is a great drought, one that destroys the sea.
One that reduces the forests to dead rotting wood. Crocodiles are forced to
battle for the muddy depths. Giant lungfish burrow into the sand for the cool
water as the shore retreats. In turn the crocodiles and predator dinosaurs
burrow after them in turn.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Carcharodontosaurus survives following the vast herds of
Paralititan. One by one they fall and Carcharodontosaurus joins the other
theropods in scavenging. As they follow the coast, another </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Paralititan falls. The other carcharodontosaurus, too old
or young to challenge, keep moving on. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Deltradromeus moves in, racing as the giant collapses on
his own legs. Deltadromeus is usually </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
cautious about pursuing an adult sauropod, but he’s too
hungry to fear that giant tail.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Encouraged and spurred on by competition, a Rugops charges
in after him. That’s when the tail moves, only last defense, one last fight for
life. The Rugops is struck by 10 tons of bone and muscle; there is a sickening crunch of bone as predator is utterly shattered
in a single impact and falls to the ground. Deladromeus ducks at the last second. Soon he’s reached
the hips and begins to tear into the thickmuscles of the rump. He’s ravenous.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
That’s when the earth rumbles. 14 tons of theropod slowly
but inexorably moves across the sand. With her short hind legs she stumbles under her weight but
she’s too hungry. Deltadromeus swallows all he can; he’s less than half her
size. That’s when Carcharodontosaurus arrives. Deltadromeus runs, </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
suddenly trapped between the storm and the mountain. He
will hang back.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Only two now stand off. Carcharodontosaurus and
Spinosaurus. 50 million years before, Allosaurus </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
and Torvosaurus, their ancestors, dueled in Africa and in
Portugal and in the United States. The war </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
continued in Europe and south America. And now is the
climax; Carcharodontosaurus is one of the last and largest Carnosaurs. Spinosaurus is the last and
largest of the Megalosaurs, chiefs of the theropods for 70 million years. In South America Giganotosaurus
rules unrivaled. Only here is there is a battle.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
When hunting prey a predator never roars, never does
anything but pant and groan and cough if any </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
sound at all. When one predator faces another, there are
no such qualms.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
The roars echo across the waste. They are low, resonant,
powerful. They echo for a mile, evolved as </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
such; evolved to be the epitome of fear, evolved to
reflect the power of their owners to end a fight </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
without effusion of blood.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The duel of sound continues for minutes, roar after roar.
Anger and hunger and desperation overcome </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
fear. Neither back down. Neither give ground. Predators
that size can’t abandon a store like this, not in such a time of crisis. They must claim the treasure
before them.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Spinosaurus flashes her sail; the great span of raised
skin and bone glows red. She grows huge, </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
powerful, fearsome. She’s used it against
Carcharodontosaurus’ kind before, never before has this </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
failed. It fails now.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Carcharodontosaurus shakes her head, pivoting it up and
down, left and right, her bright red crests </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
flashing in response. Mates are overawed. Rivals chased
off. Spinosaurus’ kind has given way before. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Not this time.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Carcharodontosaurus steps forward. Spinosaurus holds her
ground, moves forward again. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Carcharodontosaurus moves forward again, punctuating each
step with a roar. They are 40 feet apart. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Then 20 feet. Then only a snout’s length. Now they are
only a foot apart nostril to nostril,</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
feeling each other’s hot breath</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Then Spinosaurus’ jaws snap close on the very tip of
Carcharodontosaurus’ snout. A single conical </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
tooth stabs into the skin of Carcharodontosaurus’ thin
lips. Blood is drawn.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOxfOfwtUgRK7XQhzQGCsaSI_pLop3gGhydHtBAVGtCD2u5dubA2qUfNG6lt6iAKEaNstyZoU2PVVLnRpLyBoalKvOhNNnsRjkOQOGrbDAWYCFNIcZKaXoYQI0h1LM69dscw9CznJr9Oc/s1600/carcharodontosaurus_vs_spinosaurus_1_by_themightysaurus-d7xbiid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="692" data-original-width="1153" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOxfOfwtUgRK7XQhzQGCsaSI_pLop3gGhydHtBAVGtCD2u5dubA2qUfNG6lt6iAKEaNstyZoU2PVVLnRpLyBoalKvOhNNnsRjkOQOGrbDAWYCFNIcZKaXoYQI0h1LM69dscw9CznJr9Oc/s320/carcharodontosaurus_vs_spinosaurus_1_by_themightysaurus-d7xbiid.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Then the snapping begins. For the first time in the
encounter, each theropod is forced to step back. The long thin neck of Spinosaurus darts in and out, the short
powerful neck of Carcharodontosaurus </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
counters. Carcharodontosaurus crouches, aiming at the
underside of her foe. Spinosaurus leans back, </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
her claws opened menacingly, protecting her neck and stomach
simultaneously. Foiled, Carcharodontosaurus pivots on her own hips, thrusting
her head up to aim at her rival’s head. Spinosaurus has to angle her head to
avoid the bite and shoves her enemy’s neck side, struggling to contest the
stronger neck of the allosaur.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Their mobility is limited; at their weight, their movements
are be limited. In their childhood they could run and pivot and jump. Now they
are too big for such extreme movement; it’s the sacrifice they must make for
being large enough to overpower all their rivals. They are at the limit of
theropod size-Tyrannosaurus will rival Carcharodontosaurus in size, but never
again will two giant predator dinosaurs share a fauna.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
They have small brains, but still big enough to learn.
Carcharodontosaurus learns that Spinosaur’s jaws close fast. Spinosaurus learns
that the longer legs of Carcharodontosaurus makes it faster in movement despite
its great size.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Both have problems with depth perception-the large crests on
their heads prevent overlapping vision. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They keep cocking their heads, using one eye at a time. The
next blow is dealt when Carcharodontosaurus lunges forward-her heavy snout
slams against Spinosaurus’ ribs, breaking one. A slash from Spinosaurus drives
her back.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
A few more snaps and jabs follow as they dart in and out of
the fray-their bodies as slow, but their powerful heads and necks are swift and
fence with as much agility as their 6-foot heads can muster. The snouts clash
with resounding thuds as they parry each other’s attempts to reach the
necks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
Thwarted again, the giants both step backwards. A brief
pause allows them to cock their heads to look at each other. They’re both
bleeding-they can smell as much, but their eyes and brains lack the subtlety to
notice small weaknesses in technique. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Then another charge. This time Spinosaurus goes low, her
jaws snapping. Once again her unreliable eyesight betrays her-this time her
teeth close on Carcharodontosaurus’ arm. She roars in pain as the pointed teeth
pierce her arm muscles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spinosaurus then
moves backwards, yanking on the captured arm. There’s a sickening pop as the
arm is dislocated by the sheer weight of the attacker. She’s trying to drag
Carcharodontosaurus to the ground, where the Spinosaurus is better balanced. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Carcharodontosaurus does not go quietly-instead she bites at
the closest object, which turns out to be the spines of Spinosaurus’ sail. The
dorsal spines are tall but thin, and a powerful twist of Carcharodontosaurus’
neck breaks the bone.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fracture
isn’t at the right angle to paralyze the dinosaur, but it unleashes a wave of
mind numbing pain.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spinosaurus roars in
pain, releasing the captured arm and the two agonized theropods break one last
time.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Something has to give now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The pain is so excruciating that neither can last long fighting. Their
responses are slowed now, as both are losing blood.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Only the pterosaurs soaring overhead can
determine that the fight is coming to an end-the dinosaurs are too stupid to
feel anything but pain and rage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_X5pjuNiUOxezorzIpjVdh5cp3oT0ktyIg7-UMpdr7mKiIJE49Zxp_jLnccl521UovmS4NoY3U1pvGzcmJ3oisRBZKMcp9i1Jc4XiGqggk9rCsJmshHv7jxUK_FDP_5exWUvn_3ppRvU/s1600/spinosaurus_vs_carcharodontosaurus_by_vitor_silva-d4tjmce.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="600" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_X5pjuNiUOxezorzIpjVdh5cp3oT0ktyIg7-UMpdr7mKiIJE49Zxp_jLnccl521UovmS4NoY3U1pvGzcmJ3oisRBZKMcp9i1Jc4XiGqggk9rCsJmshHv7jxUK_FDP_5exWUvn_3ppRvU/s320/spinosaurus_vs_carcharodontosaurus_by_vitor_silva-d4tjmce.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
The final blow comes: Spinosaurus lunges for
Carcharodontosaurus neck, her jaws gaping wide. Carcharodontosaurus, almost
accidentally, rams the jaw with her ridged, tough snout.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The impact not only causes a tiny mandibular
fracture, but knocks Spinosaurus’ head away. Finally, Carcharodontosaurus’
snout is inches away from Spinosaurus’ neck. She immediately notices this, and
seizes the moment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
A second sickening crunch echoes. This time
Carcharodontosaurus has bitten so hard she’s broken many of her teeth, but she
doesn’t care. They’ll grow back. All she cares about now is killing to survive.
She’s too angry, too pained, too stupid to do anything else. She just bites and
shakes her head up and down. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
Spinosaurus can only feel pain for a moment, then numbness
as the oxygen is cut from her brain, air and blood spilling from her neck onto
the sand. 14 tons of apex aquatic predator slam against the ground. Her short
legs prevent her body from having too much of an impact, but her sheer size
kicks up dust as her corpse hits earth. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8R2KndNHKXw_l4Sp8ScFK3cewsyXo3eGuQMlSL-UtUamGIOEIFV_rMRtDIa5NfKFoBy8EIMAaHG5UXQH9UbDduV1sQgl4d8iQa_TqdDvylrJbIitP0VWBSUI-fqxrakmoxC2RAlFiudI/s1600/when_kings_clash__by_carnosaur-daa2h9i.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8R2KndNHKXw_l4Sp8ScFK3cewsyXo3eGuQMlSL-UtUamGIOEIFV_rMRtDIa5NfKFoBy8EIMAaHG5UXQH9UbDduV1sQgl4d8iQa_TqdDvylrJbIitP0VWBSUI-fqxrakmoxC2RAlFiudI/s320/when_kings_clash__by_carnosaur-daa2h9i.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Carcharodontosaurus returns to the Paralititan; pained but
alive. She will carry the gristly scars on her arm for as long as she lives,
but she will continue to have several more years breeding, continuing her
lineage. Males can die over their mates, but she needs food more than a mate.
Her hunger drives her past her pain, and she begins to tear open the fallen
titanosaur with her feet and mouth, eating up the fatty organs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
Deltadromeus shares in the luck; he makes a beeline for the
still-twitching corpse of Spinosaurus. He’s not above eating other predators.
There’s plenty for all: Alanqa swoops down from above for a morsel of both
fallen dinosaurs, and soon a family of Rugops arrives to partake in the feast. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqLCjkKLxq0b3u4itJrkvLOKytLcXs-3GWj3Vfnp8-VoIdomWUQqZWkBF5H1mB065Wzt-FPgUu0XkrERcI6u-LfIPoW43QGXTOzauIS6xCuwtK3iFe9Rq1mCfU_dlAJLVSrkQMYtcV4kQ/s1600/carcharodontosaurus_saharicus_by_durbed-d3ie9ul.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="900" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqLCjkKLxq0b3u4itJrkvLOKytLcXs-3GWj3Vfnp8-VoIdomWUQqZWkBF5H1mB065Wzt-FPgUu0XkrERcI6u-LfIPoW43QGXTOzauIS6xCuwtK3iFe9Rq1mCfU_dlAJLVSrkQMYtcV4kQ/s320/carcharodontosaurus_saharicus_by_durbed-d3ie9ul.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Carcharodontosaurus is the apex land predator on the
continent, sharing the crown with her family in South America, Asia, and North
America. This is the height of power for both Spinosaurs and
Carcharodontosaurus. Their lineages will be replaced-the megalosaur heritage
will end, and other carnosaurs will take the place of the titan-hunters. But
for now, Carcharodontosaurus rules the food chain with an iron claw.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spinosaurus’ deliving into a crocodile niche
will fade-true crocodiles have always held their own against other aquatic
predators, and the shallows will soon become full of deadly lamnid sharks and
sea lizards. Other dinosaurs will claim the sea-Hesperonis, Icthyornis, the
penguins and gannets and all those coelurosaurs. Their same family will also
usurp the throne from Carcharodontosaurus; the sharktooths will fall, and the
tyrants will inherit the earth.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Next time we join to these epic battles of the past, we will
see the deadly new breed that have lurked in the shadows of these titans, and
now have taken over the earth. </div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-81316802140357134822017-04-24T09:15:00.000-07:002017-04-24T09:15:03.881-07:00Paleofest Report 2017<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
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It’s time for my annual report of Paleofest in the Burpee
Museum in Rockford. Last year I skipped the report considering the high amount
of unreleased data as part of it, which is a shame since it was quite good.
This year there are fewer spoilers, but I did wait a month after the event. For
more on Paleofest itself, please check out my first report here: http://davidsamateurpalaeo.blogspot.com/2015/04/paleofest-2015-report.html</div>
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The first talk on Saturday was from Thomas Clements from the
University of Leicester. While McCoy et al’s proposal of Tullimonstrum’s
vertebrate affiliations and Sallan et al’s counterargument are given a great
deal of press, Clement and his team found an alternate line of evidence for
Tullimonstrum as a vertebrate. The Tully Monster, as a marine taxa exclusively
but well-sampled from the Mazon Creek formation, has been a mystery for 70
years, having been placed as a conodont, arthropod, mollusk, annelid, and
nematode. </div>
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What Clements et al did was use powerful electronic scans
and microscopes to compare it to other well-preserved animals. Turns out
melanosomes, organelles determining the pigment of a cell, are preserved, and
are especially concentrated in the eyes of fossilized organisms. The first step
was identifying the eyes of Tullimonstrum: the two long stalks coming perpendicularly
from the animal are tipped with melanosome clusters, suggesting that they were
the eyes of the animal. Finally, the melanosomes themselves were studied,
revealing a mix of both shapes of organelle, a condition only found in
vertebrates. While the lack of similar animals in the fossil record makes the
classification uncertain, Clements’ study makes a convincing case for the
animals being stem vertebrates or basal chordates instead of any invertebrate
group.</div>
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The second talk was by Julia McHugh of the University of
Western Colorado. Her study was on the anomalous survivors of the
Permian-Triassic mass extinction, particularly on the large temnospondyls that
were successful enough to survive to the middle of the Cretaceous period. The
Permian extinction was made up 2 land dieoffs and 3 oceanic dieoffs over the
period of a million years, killing off over 90% of species. At first it seems
as if the big predatory amphibians and herbivorous dicynodonts came off without
an impact, but McHugh discovered gaps and ghost lineages in the larger groups. </div>
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Apparently two groups of temnospondyls, the Euskelids and
Stereospondylids were extremely successful and diverse just before the
extinction, and coasted on their inertia. Paleohistology revealed there was
more variation in terms of growth cycles so that the animals could keep growing
during dry seasons. The variation in growth rate and cycles increased over the
Triassic. McHugh did not get to study therocephalians and dicynodonts to see if
they had similar adaptations or if they were doing different survival
strategies, but it’s interesting how it’s select few groups of terrestrial
macrofaunal that did very well in the apocalyptic event. Likewise, there was no
explanation why these adaptations failed them during the Triassic-Jurassic
extinction, but hopefully these other questions will be answered by followup
studies. It’s a fascinating answer that leads to further questions. </div>
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The next talk was by Susan Drymala of the University of
North Carolina on Triassic megapredators. These animals belong to the
paracrocodylomorph clade along with true crocodilians and other archosaurs. One
of these is the group called the Rauisuchians, containing the likes of
Saurosuchus, Ticinosuchus, Postosuchus and Teratosaurus. The group she studied
fit between the Rauisuchids and true crocodiles, containing the fish-eating
Qianosuchus, herbivorous Phyllodontosaurus and Effigia, and the macropredators
Carnufex and Renondavenator. Evidence of their predation on phytosaurus,
dinosaurs, dicynodonts, aetosaurs, and other paracrocodylomorphs shows they
were the top predators in their habitats. </div>
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In addition to archosaur traits of unidirectional airflow
and fast growth in warm climates, the rauisuchians and other
paracrocodylomorphs had upright stances due to their hips that curved around
the femurs without changing the shape of their femoral heads like dinosaurs.
It’s also possible that they were bipeds; the animals Poposaurus and
Postosuchus, due to their tiny forelimbs and powerful hindlimbs, have been
reconstructed in some studies as bipedal runners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s fascinating to see that other archosaurs
beat dinosaurs to their niches early, and this is a good companion to 2015’s
Paleofest on the Triassic. </div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A more problematic
talk was by Joseph Peterson of the University of Wisconsin, who runs the
Cleveland Lloyd Dinosaur quarry. It’s a poorly mapped formation of
limestone-covered mudstone containing hundreds of dinosaurs. While Camarosaurus
and Camptosaurus are the most common of the herbivores, the vast majority of
fossils belong to subadult Allosaurus. It’s paradoxical how many more
Allosaurus there are than other fauna. There are barite and calcite modules
showing a dry habitat, but there is no abrasion from wind or water erosion. The
bones are jumbled and disassociated, but individually in great shape. </div>
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Two theories have been proposed to explain the quarry, but
Peterson argues against both of them. The quarry has disarticulations like a
drought assemblage, but there is no distortion from exposure or splintering
from desiccation. There’s no hydraulic influence and predators are extremely
abundant like a predator trap, but there is no articulation or traces of
feeding on the bones. A chemical study revealed sulfies and pyrite in the site,
with abundant charophyte algae but no freshwater plants. Geochemistry shows
heavy metals present, but they could just as easily be from the decaying
corpses than the cause of the death.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Peterson suggests the site was an ephemeral pond with multiple
depositions, but the characteristics still don’t fit. Why so many animals? Why
no marks of scavenging or desiccation? Why so many juvenile predators? To make
matters worse, Peterson does not support his proposal with modern examples. The
Cleveland Lloyd quarry is an enigma, and this study raises more questions than
it answers.</div>
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The next talk is a bit better-there is no attempt to try to
untangle the mess here. Karen Poole talks iguanodonts, and ornithopods in
general. The classification is confusing and the cladistics here is very
complex.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The most basal of these bipedal
beaked herbivores were the Hypsilophodonts, a probably parphyletic group of
small basal ornithopods from the early Cretaceous of the entire globe. A more
derived group were the Thesecelosaurs from early Cretaceous Asia and late
Cretaceous North America.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The next
derived group were the Rhabdodonts, a surprisingly successful group that
started in Europe and made it to North America and Australia for brief bits but
survived in the European islands until the mass extinction. </div>
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It’s difficult to tell if the Camptosaurs and Dryosaurs are
more or less derived; the Camptosaurs seem to have started in the Middle
Jurassic European islands and continued into the middle Cretaceous in North
America. There seems to be a new clade of long-armed, robust boned, huge-spiked
ankylopollexians; this unnamed clade contains Barilium and Hypselospinus from
West Europe, Bolong and Jinszhousaurus from China, and Lurdosaurus from North
Africa. Just outside the Iguanodontines is Lurdusaurus’ compatriot Ouranosaurus
and the American Hippodraco. It seems that these families of ornithopods freely
intermingled, species popping in and out replacing each other. Iguanodontinae
itself, defined by high-crowned teeth that are especially narrow in the maxillia,
contains Iguanodon itself with later species such as the Chinese counterpart
Equijubus, the Japanese Fukuisaurus, and the Spanish Proa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More derived species contain Mantellisaurus,
Probactosaurus, Althirhinus, and Eolambia. The Bactrosaurs, including the
European Telmatosaurus and Tethyhadros (the Europeans outlived the rest of the
family) seem to be transition between the Iguanodonts and the spikeless,
toothier hadrosaurs. </div>
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Following land vertebrates comes marine invertebrates, albeit
from the same period of time. In this case, Rex Hanger of the University of
Wisconsin in Whitewater discussed reefs of the Niobara found in Texas. Said
reefs were made by rudists, giant bivalves, instead of corals. The tropical
fauna also included Echinoids, sharks, the fish Gyrodus, Snails, cephalopods,
and oysters, all extremely well-preserved, abundant, and diagnostic. The index
fossil is the ammoniate Oxytheropidopteryx. The silified preservation shows
unique environmental conditions; the Karamichi member is a low-oxygen habitat
that preserves micromorphs of the known species encased in pyrites. A
fascinating place, despite it being invertebrate based</div>
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The next talk was far more conventional, with Eric Snively
of the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse talking about Tyrannosaurus
biomechanics. The specifics are still under wraps, but his conclusion is that
Tyrannosaurs owe their amazing success due to their ability to exploit multiple
niches over their lifetime while remaining the fastest and more agile dinosaurs
of their size. </div>
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Eugenia Gold of Stony Brook University gave a travelogue
instead of an academic talk, but it was still educational. For all expeditions,
I learned, I must remember to back a mechanic, a lighter, food, water, hammer,
spare tires, and, in case Mark Norell is part of it, Gnocchi. You can see her
website and twitter for more on her experiences. http://www.drneurosaurus.com/</div>
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The last talk of the day was the most entertaining, by Dr.
Thomas Holtz of the University of Maryland. His topic was on dinosaur cursoriality;
the adaptations required for extreme speed. In terms of speed, we’re pretty
pathetic-scoring 10.45 meters per second with our best athletes-dogs, ostrich,
horses, and pronghorn can hit more than 20 meters per second. An example of a
cursorial adaptation is limb shape: the longer the fibula, tibia, and
metacarpals and metatarsals are, the faster the animal can move. There’s also a
big of differences in what aspect a cursorial adaptation is for: speed,
acceleration, or home range.</div>
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Theropod dinosaurs, particularly coelurosaurs, have
pinched-in feet where some of the metacarpals and tarsals are fused together
for a single, strong structure: the acrometatarsus. In Holtz’s study, groups
with cursorial adaptations include the odd gracile Elaphrosaurs from Jurassic
Gondwana, the surpsingly nimble tyrannosaurs, the super-cursorial ornithomimids
and alvarezsaurids, and to a lesser extent oviraptors and troodonts. There’s a
trend of increased cursoriality as the Cretaceous goes on, with Troodon,
Ornithomimus, and Tyrannosaurus being quite well adapted for running.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therizinosaurs are the exception among
coleurosaurs, being probably unable to run. It seems that most dinosaurs were
growing faster and faster through the Cretaceous, even among more primitive groups
such as the Abelisaurid ceratosaurs and the Megaraptoran carnosaurs.</div>
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Sunday’s talks began by not a scientific study, but Sarah
Boessenecker’s accounts of her curatorial duties at Charleston College’s
Museum. There’s a large amount of great specimens, but it’s heavily reliant on
local volunteers and fundraisers. There’s not much else to say about this one,
except that I strongly encourage everyone reading this to visit and support
their local museums. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>http://geology.cofc.edu/natural-history-museum/</div>
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An environmental study of a fossil bed was next. Marie
Lorente of Reservoir Labs examined a bed in the famous Hell Creek formation.
This place was called the Ninja Turtle quarry as the first fossils were four
turtles. Palynological studies revealed a great deal of pollen and spores,
while the fossils are mostly freshwater turtles. That is, for the first place.
The underlying layer has very few pollen, no turtles, and is almost entirely
saltwater dinoflagellates. This dramatic turnover may be the result of a tsunami.
The ideas of a warming event or volcanic event don’t fit into the date of the
find; the late Cretaceous was cooling and the turnover happened in-between
volcanic events. Likewise, the K-T comet was not responsible as this happened a
million years before that. This narrows it down to a tsunami or similar oceanic
flooding as seismic events pushed saltwater out of the ever-narrowing interior
seaway.</div>
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One of my favorite talks was by Victoria Arbour of the Royal
Ontario Museum. She noticed that for most tetrapods, weapons are mounted on the
head, and very few on the tail. She decided to make a study of fossil groups
with tail clubs and similar weapons. Today, tail weapons are the spiny tails of
porcupines, sharp-scaled Pangolin tails, lizards with spiked whips or clubs as
their tails, and muscular, armored tails of crocodiles. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fossil groups examined are the glyptodont
armadillos, meilonid turtles, and herbivorous dinosaurs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stegosaurs, for example, have very strong
flexible tail, with the spikes (or thagomizer) being set into the skin of the
animal. In contrast, Ankylosaurs have fused tail veretebrae. The clubtailed
sauropods only have the last few tail vertebrae fused. Glyptodonts have unfused
bones but their osteoderms are fused into interlocking rings and tubes with the
muscle underlying them. Meilonia has a straightforward flail, with no fusion in
the entire tail. Club durability has been mechanically tested-clubs of both
ankylosaurs and glyptodonts were sturdy enough to crunch into bones. </div>
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The main topic studied was how did the club evolve-handle
first? Knob first? Or in tandem? Earlier ankylosaurs help flesh out the story:
Gobisaurus had no tail club, but had fused tail vertebrae. Liaoningosaurus, an
odd fish-eating ankylosaur, had long spinous processes. Dyoplosaurus,
predecessor to Scolosaurus and Euoplocephalus, possessed a small club compared
to its successors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Glyptodons seem to
have had the same situation, culiminating in the Pleistocene Doedicurus and <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Eleutherocercus
with their mace tails. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There seems to be
a correlation in evolutionary adaptations that produce tail maces: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>body armor, head spikes, weight over 500 kg,
quadrupeds, herbivores, stiff thoraxes, and wide pelvises.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The selection pressure for such weapons could
be from Tyrannosaurs or for fights for mates<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A study of tyrannosaur bones and ankylosaur armor needs to be done to
identify if there are any fractures from tail impacts. On her request, I will
use the hashtag #ankylosaurfightclub to identify depictions of ankylosaurs
fighting anything.</span></div>
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An exciting talk was by the Field Museum’s dinosaur
paleontologist, Peter Mackovicky. Mackovicky, when he is not excavating the
upper Cedar Mountain Formation or joining the rest of Tyrannosaur
paleontologists in the Late Cretaceous, has spent many summers in
Antarctica.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As early as the ill-fated
Scott expedition and its plant fossils, paleontologists have found tantalizing
glimpses of a tropical continent far from the icy wasteland of the past era.
McMurdo Station, as well as anchoring zoological, meteorological, and
climatological expeditions and studies, also acts as a base for paleontology.
The central mountains, particularly Mt. Kirkpatrick, have rocks of the Triassic
and Jurassic eras, complete with anmal fossils. The early Triassic layer
contains Lystrosaurus and other animals similar to South Africa’s Karoo
formation, showing the passage of Gondwanan fauna even after the breakup of
Pangea. This is followed by a late Triassic fauna, again similar to South
Africa’s lower Elliott formation’s; the cynodont Thrinaxodon is known from
South Africa while the huge temnospondyl predators Kryostega and Antarctosuchus
are unique. It is the Hanson formation, first discovered by David Elliot on the
peaks of Mt. Kirkpatrick, that contains Jurassic dinosaurs</div>
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The Field Museum has been joined by the University of
Wisconsin, the University of Alberta, Augusta College, and their guide Peter
Braddock on their expeditions; they have uncovered the large predatory dinosaur
Crylophosaurus and the sauropodomorph Glacialosaurus in the past. New finds
complete Crylophosaurus’ anatomy with another individual, more Glacialosaurus,
and add more fascinating animals: other sauropodomorphs “Jolly Roger” and an
isolated Sacrum (both of which, like Glacialosaurus, have counterparts in the
upper Elliot), a molar of a tritylodont (a small herbivorous cynodont), and the
humerus of a basal pterosaur. I’m very excited to learn more about these
animals, and especially about next year’s temporary exhibit at the Field Museum
showcasing Mackovicky’s finds. </div>
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Katie Tremaine followed this with a followup on previous
studies. Last year featured no fewer than two talks on the same subject. You
see, some Tyrannosaur specimens have been found with medullary bone, tissue
buildup within the long bones (femurs and humeri). In modern birds, the buildup
is only found in female birds that ovulate. This so far is the only way to sex
a dinosaur; sexual dimorphism seems not to be significant among most dinosaur
species at least in terms of bone size and structure. The calcium within the
bone is produced to be used for the forming of eggshells, so only a dinosaur
that is going to lay is going to have this buildup. This is the main flaw with
this method: Jane and Sue, for example, could be either sex, as they could
either be males or females that are not about to lay. What Tremaine
accomplished is chemically staining the calcium, taking the bones into X-ray,
and making sure that the bone buildup cannot be from a different physical state
or reason. So far, only Petey, a teenager, has been found to be a female. </div>
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The next talk was farcical: talking mostly about the
ridiculous “Toroceratops” model in which all Torosaurus are identified as
mature Triceratops. It is a pet theory of Horner and Scanella at the Museum of
the Rockies, but their lumping agenda will be discussed elsewhere. Suffice to
say, their methodology is flawed, their logic is convoluted, their evidence
weak, and their bias obvious. </div>
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Thankfully, the next talk was by David Grossnickle, of the
University of Chicago. What he did was a clever study on studying mammalian
diversity in all permutations during the Mesozoic into the extinction.
Morphometric parameters of mammalian teeth (which are not only significant
given mammal tooth evolution, but inherently easier to find than body fossils)
were plotted on various scales. While glimpses of mammalian diversity are shown
by the rare full body fossil, such as the badgerlike Gobiconodont Repenomamus,
one must take subtler approaches to determine diversity using all known data.</div>
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There seems to have been a fair amount of therian radiation
in the late Cretaceous based on tooth geometry. While there is an increase
after the K-Pg extinction, it seems to have begun during the age of dinosaurs.
Size, species, and diet diversity increase over time, but the differences also
become subtler with a greater continuity within lineages. Interestingly enough,
this also follows a path of angiosperm and insect radiation during the
Cretaceous. As flowering plants become more successful (stimulating in turn
dinosaur evolution), insects radiate to exploit it, and mammals diversify to
exploit them. It’s a chain reaction begun by the evolution of flowers leading
to an incredible diversity of life on every tropic level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s a fascinating look into evolution.</div>
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Mark Loewen of the Natural History Museum of Utah talked
about familiar territory for me considering my experience with the Field
Museum: the Great Lakes of Utah. Back in the Eocene, four large freshwater
bodies formed the heart of the tropical Green River Formation: Gosiute, Uinta,
Claron, and Fossil. In this tropical land, the rhinolike Uintatheres and
bearlike bird Gastornis ruled. The tiny horse Protorohippus ate fruits and
leaves in the dense rainforest, stalked by the catlike Patriofelis. The first
American bat <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Icaronycteris</span>,
lacking echolocation, would have to compete with the birds for insects and
other small prey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the water, a
flightless rail similar to those of the Ice Age pacific shared the habitat with
the incredibly successful Presbyornis, boavid snakes, turtles, paddlefish, huge
gar, the common fish Knightia, Diplomystus and Priscara, all being predated by
the crocodile Borealsuchus. All of these were perfectly preserved, down to the
feathers and scales. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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The reason for the preservation is the calcite deposits on
the shore-the calcium dissolves in the lake, and when it blends with the
organic material, it forms a hard, distinct fossil. The lake lived and died due
to the Rocky Mountain orgeny-the uplift of the earth formed high bowls and
streams ran from the young mountains to feed them, but the continued lifting
cut the streams as well, and the Oligocene drying destroyed the entire habitat.
I would strongly recommend Lance Grande’s book on Fossil Lake for more information.</div>
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The next talk has a special connection to me: in my human
evolution class, my teacher proposed a new technique on determining fossil
environments via the teeth of bovids present. Allison Bormet of the University
of Illinois Bloomington chose a different approach: the limbs of ruminants. Her
beginning using living ruminants ran into problems early: zoo ruminants show a
lot of individual variation, and their limb bones are shaped by their current
environments which have little to do with their wild habitats. Instead, she
went to the IUCN and its species distribution map, which helped place bovid
species in proper environmental contexts. </div>
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The good news is that fossil ruminants all have present
analogues. The bad news is that their limbs don’t preserve as often as their
teeth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fortunately, ungals are tough
little bones, especially for relatively large digitigrade cursorial animals. Bormet
managed to even work out an equation: Body size X Vegetation cover=ungal
size.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of course, this is just the
beginning of the study, and she has yet to correlate it to tooth studies and
apply it to extinct taxa, but it shows a lot of promise and I can’t wait to
hear what comes next.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dr Robert Boessenecker
of the University of Charleston finished Paleofest with his lecture of
Mysticete, or baleen whale, evolution. Mysticete fossils fortunately have very
unique and diagnostic ears. The transitional families between the Eocene
Archaeocetes and Miocene Mysticetes, he explained, are the Aetiocetids and then
the Eomysticetids in the Oligocene. The Aetiocetes retained the teeth of the
Archaeocetes, but the Eomysticetids lost their teeth. Like other whale
families, they are well-represented in North Carolina, Australia, Baja
California, and especially Japan and New Zealand</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">New
Zealand’s Oligocene and Miocene Otekaike and Kokoamu formations are rich in
whale fossils, particularly basal Eomysticetes that still have trace teeth like
Mataponui, Tokarahia, and Waharoa. They are at the point where the Mysticetes
begin to evolve temporomandibular joints that sacrifice biting strength from
the Archaeocetes for the ability to expand their jaws to a wider gape. The
closest living relatives to them are the grey and right whales, the most basal
baleen whales. The talk was a fascinating look into the amazing diversity of
whale genera during the late Oligocene of New Zealand, making it the grand
finale to this year’s Paleofest.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Once again, I recommend Paleofest-there’s something for
everyone! It’s worth the drive out to Rockford and the hefty price tag for this
annual celebration of paleontology. I encourage my readers from the Midwestern
US to give it a visit. I know I’ll be there next year! See you then! </div>
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<br /></div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-63513660383496926232017-02-19T14:57:00.002-08:002017-04-09T19:11:25.008-07:00Movie Review: Gorgo 1961<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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I’ve featured the first two of Eugène Lourié’s “Sea Monster”
films, so it’s time to talk about the last and most spectacular of them. It’s
the one with the biggest budget, but surprisingly the most kid-friendly of
them. While not a stop motion film, it made up for it with one of the most
elaborate suitimation monsters and sets. Ladies and gentlemen, I give you
1961’s British kaiju epic Gorgo.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gorgo was not only third and last of Lourie’s directorial
efforts, but also the last and third time a dinosaur wrecked London.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The transition from stop-motion to
suitimation didn’t phase Lourie’s eye for art, but it was a sign of the times.
While King Kong’s re-release and the Beast From 20,000 Fathoms ignited Ray
Harryhausen’s career, their progeny Godzilla’s success showed that it could be
done with a smaller budget with the right kind of effects team and director.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Enter the King brothers Herman and Maurice-swindlers, genius
businessmen, gamblers, visionaries, liars (they even had their last names
changed from Kozinsky), and exploitation pioneers. Starting as humble slot
machine producers they made it into the highest echelon of Hollywood with films
like Dillinger, the Brave One (more on that one when we get to Gwangi) and
Carnival Stories. They saw how big Godzilla was in the international box office
and decided to dip their toes into it. If it was violent and melodramatic, it’s
going to be big bucks, especially if you’re flexible. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They loved Godzilla so much they decided to make the movie
in Japan, hiring Lourie for his previous successful sea monster movies and
calling it “Cruel Islands”. Lourie had other plans for it-making his heroes
pearl divers who discover a giant marine dinosaur. The military would play no
part in it-Lourie had been all tired of it after making Beast and watching
Godzilla.You see, Lourie’s daughter, having seen the premieres of his previous
dinosaur movies, scolded him on their drive home; “You were bad, daddy; you
killed the nice beast!” Lourie turned the compassion of his child into an
imaginative idea: the monster was a protagonist himself. Children would have a
child character to empathize with who respects the monster when no one else
does. So, he made the monster a child himself. </div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The film was renamed Gorgo after
the leading captive monster. The character Dorkin invokes the Gorgons Medusa
and her history of the Greek epics, and Mike Nelson would call it “The Vice
President’s unimaginative campaign slogan”, but most likely it’s after the
Gorgosaurus rounding out the American Museum’s cast of big predators after
Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Turns out all the money set aside for effects meant they
couldn’t shoot in Japan. The Kings suggested Paris, but Lourie, who knew and
loved Paris inside and out, pointed out how long it would take for a sea
monster to walk up the Seine. So, as a compromise, it was set in London, with
the Ryuku islands replaced with Ireland and its surrounding isles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Kings insisted on touching up Lourie’s
script-the pearl divers replaced with greedy treasure hunters, and to mimic
Godzilla the Royal Navy and army attacks Gorgo’s mother as she plows through
London to Piccadilly. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lourie wanted the monster effects to be the best-he couldn’t
afford Harryhausen this time, and Harryhausen was busy with The Three Worlds of
Gulliver anyway. Instead, he hired Tom Howard, who put a lot of effort in
miniatures, costumes and matting for the fantasy epics Thief of Bagdad and Tom
Thumb and would later go on to do the effects for 2001: A Space Odyssey. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Howard, having a higher budget than Tsuburaya,
made his suit far more elaborate, with glowing red and yellow eyes and adding
hydraulic animatronics to the head to make the eyelids, mouth, eyebrows, and
head fins move.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He outdid Tsuburaya on sets,
too-the Toho stage was far larger than what Willis O’Brien worked with for
Giant Behemoth, but in turn was dwarfed by the detailed miniatures at MGM’s lot
in Borehamwood. Like Tsuburaya, Howard had traveling mattes, split screens, and
overcranked footage for the monster, with a few shots that involved both mother
and son monster being even more difficult due to having to combine multiple
sets at different scales. </div>
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<br /></div>
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It was so expensive the King Brothers went
overbudget-$650,000 in 1960 money. With production lasting almost two years and
costing so much that they had to cancel their other films, the Kings still
insisted on military action. So Royal Navy stock footage was used instead. It
was finally released in 1961 to impressive success in Japan, the US, and the
UK, the first two countries being huge fans of the kaiju genre at the time.
Critics like L.A.’s Leonard Maltin enjoyed Gorgo, and I have a soft spot for
the film myself. Like Maltin, I do have a sense of humor about it, but unlike
him I can’t cameo on Mystery Science Theater’s episode on this film, so I’ll
just quote my favorite jokes at the appropriate times.</div>
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The opening credits are in huge yellow letters over the
North Sea’s rolling waves, with Angelo Lavagnino’s lush score playing over it.
We meet captain Joe Ryan (played by Bill Travers, war hero and star of the films
Geordie and Born Free), his first mate Sam Slade (William Sylvester of the
aforementioned 2001 and the MST-famed film Devil Doll and TV series Gemini Man)
and the crew of the Triton as they pack up their ship on the face of a churning
sea. Joe is reluctant to leave the valuable salvage-as he dives (in an obvious
pool “Someone overchlorinated the ocean”) he is forced to come back out as new
islands emerge from the sea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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The ship is hit hard by waves, probably to make an early
action sequence but it turns out to be dull (“For what it’s worth, my heart
will go on”) and the ship is crippled but still buoyant (“We pulled into port
and everyone was okay/ we went out for lunch and felt better!” sings Crow). The
next day they find prehistoric-looking fish and tetrapods on the surface (“Some
kind of coelacanth death cult”) as Joe and Sam row to the nearby habited island
of Nara.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The locals are brusque and insist on speaking in
Gaelic-“Doesn’t sound like Welcome in any language” Sam quips. At the
harborship they find the artifact collector (“calls himself an archaeologist”
says his employee Sean), but his lack of books and papers suggests otherwise)
harbormaster McCarten (played by Christopher Rhodes from the epic El Cid and
who the Satelite of Love crew identify as Samuel Beckett) and his young
employee Sean (played by Vincent Winter from comedy The Little Kidnappers). The
boy identifies a carving (“That’s a duck we gave bovine growth hormone”) as the
monster Ogra, who is said to have destroyed a Viking fleet attacking the Irish
islands-“Fine work he did that day”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By
the way, none of the artifacts look remotely Viking era or Norse in form. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeUSyuQEBQE6vdult4Kx4eHqzrKbbJSKg03HWj8E2_mQbUONFnvYupkiRdNIERx7t7RRYhDDA0nsmOgMT0npyQGK1peJvpBtJ8ofeqym-QW7ItyhLu_CxFiz5wdCWswMJioMyrBtp3HrM/s1600/gorgo4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeUSyuQEBQE6vdult4Kx4eHqzrKbbJSKg03HWj8E2_mQbUONFnvYupkiRdNIERx7t7RRYhDDA0nsmOgMT0npyQGK1peJvpBtJ8ofeqym-QW7ItyhLu_CxFiz5wdCWswMJioMyrBtp3HrM/s320/gorgo4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
McCarten allows them fresh water but refuses to let them
stay ashore. When Joe and Sam interrogate the local men fishing, they learn
that divers that McCarten’s hired have been disappearing in the ocean. Sure
enough, one of the divers rises, pale as a sheet and holding a gold coin in his
hand as he dies. Joe insists on going down to see for themselves, but Sam
protests “This is crazy; there was a man lost there today, not even a trace.
Another saw something that scared him to death”. But Joe insists on diving for
“a hatful of gold”, and they see a huge animal(“A Macy’s Thanksgiving Parade
Balloon!” says Tom Servo).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That night,
after another standoff with McCarten, Joe and Sam see the fishermen attacked by
a sea theropod (“It’s the rare isosceles-eared underwater dragon” Servo
quips).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What really helps special
effects is their use at night or in fog. In this case, both are used to make
Gorgo look far more menacing and mysterious in his first surfacing, especially
the big black suit and glowing red eyes. Gorgo lands (“McRoar! O’Growl!”), the
islanders attack, to Sean’s distress, and is finally driven off by torches
(“I’ll put on my asbestos underwear and I’ll be back!”). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The fishermen mob at McCarten’s, insisting on payment and
leave. Joe and Sam confront him, revealing that among his artifacts are gold
goblets from the Viking ships. They blackmail him to acquiesce to the worker’s
demands, but decide to first capture Gorgo for his monetary value (OUR HEROES!)
much to Sean’s protests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Joe decides to
go down in a diving bell to lure him in for the ship’s nets. Gorgo grabs him
(“Hey, there’s no pop top!”) but Sam and the crew drop the net and capture the
creature (“So did Gorgo cooperate and wrap himself in the net?”). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Joe and co send a telegraph to publicize the capture
(“Am…in…Ireland…send….real…food”) and a montage reveals the hype. Meanwhile, on
the ship, Joe is met by two Irish paleontologists who ask to buy the animal for
Dublin and remind him to keep the animal wet. Sam is frustrated by the
unspecified payment, and Joe instead chooses to follow up on a wire from
Dorkin’s Circus in London. Sean, stowing away, tries to release the animal but
is caught by Joe and Sam. The guard they place, however, is killed by Gorgo. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Irish scientists
are furious and confront our mercenary “heroes” about their betrayal, but Joe,
Sam and Dorkin (played by Martin Benson from Goldfinger) go ahead and parade
Gorgo to Battersea.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the way, the only
women with dialogue are two reporters who probe Dorkin in his big pitch. The
tranquilized Gorgo (“Is there a union for Monster Wranglers?”) is placed in the
pit but flashbulbs awake him (ala Kong) and he attacks (“This is like England’s
178<sup>th</sup> finest hour” “The Japanese that lies dormant in all of us
awakes in situations like these” “This is truly a black day in the history of
Dorkin”) and kills a man (“Right in the store!”) before being driven back by
flamethrowers.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gorgo’s unveiling (“Come see Gorgo; he’ll kill your family!
Come get killed by Gorgo!”) is a huge success-“Looks like a full house”, Joe
celebrates. Sam’s busy sulking, all the money in the world unable to lift the
dread and guilt as he drinks and smokes in their trailer. Joe stands firm, but
their argument is interrupted by the paleontologists at the Natural History
Museum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The news? “Captain Ryan, the
creature you have captured is not an adult” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“You mean it isn’t fully grown?” Sam is shocked</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“No, we believe it is rather early infancy” (“You’ll need to
change him”)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“You think there might be a fully grown one of these things
around somewhere?”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“It’s a fair assumption; where there are offspring there are
generally parents”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“How big would a fully grown one be?” even Joe is scared</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“An approximate guess-“ (“According to my unnecessarily<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>large book”)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“the infant-“ the scientist points to a small drawing of an
Iguanodon skeleton, “-the adult” (“The outfant”) he then points to the same
image only twenty times bigger. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjApyjXQJp5hyphenhyphen3zF61cnRYLC9XWt2-ODh5O3dFVZxq3Wj5Y91mER_j_e3sE7Q0IT7llMKkK2l0x_tM31sMXbTdqHmnWX12DfqHceK0-xaKZ6SzYVSLDTkIOMu3YTn1Ig1khvOCKfXv4Iyc/s1600/gorgo19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjApyjXQJp5hyphenhyphen3zF61cnRYLC9XWt2-ODh5O3dFVZxq3Wj5Y91mER_j_e3sE7Q0IT7llMKkK2l0x_tM31sMXbTdqHmnWX12DfqHceK0-xaKZ6SzYVSLDTkIOMu3YTn1Ig1khvOCKfXv4Iyc/s320/gorgo19.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Joe denies it, but the scientists are unswayed by his
protests. Meanwhile, Sean stays by Gorgo in the empty circus, watching
helplessly as Gorgo is held back by an electric fence. At Nara, Gorgo’s mother
finally surfaces, destroying the village and being the last thing McCarten sees
in the stormy night.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Back in London, the
paleontologists confront a skeptical Admiral Brooks themselves, and he
reluctantly sends Royal Navy stock footage (“I’m drawing Binky” “The order
comes in: kill Willy” ). They find Gorgo’s mother and attack her with more
stock footage (“We can’t all be number one turret!”). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Admirals summon Joe and Sam to tell them
Nara island has been wrecked, while Joe and Sam explain that the water off
Gorgo left a track. No sooner does the RN captain proclaim victory to the
admiral than his ship is capsized with all hands.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sam again insists that Gorgo be released, but Joe again
refuses to do the right thing. The admiralty is confident they can win. That
evening a drunken Sam tries to release Gorgo himself there and then, something
even Sean thinks is a dumb idea. Joe punches out his best friend to prevent him
to do the right thing (OUR HERO) and closes the door before Gorgo can escape. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Royal Navy attacks Gorgo’s mom again with more stock
footage (“Isn’t this cutting into the navy’s groping and harassment time?” “Movie
would have been much shorter without us, sir!”) hitting her with torpedos,
guns, depth charges and planes and putting up a net at the Thames estuary (I
guess this IS more than what they did against the Behemoth), but she just plows
through them. I’m assuming this is the mom, by the way (“How do you sex one of
these things?” “Well, you put the lights down low, you play a little Barry
White”).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSS-BWmBdCN2eAY9u9JKFsH3OeWDjWSRuLjzoel0AcGMqtD6qngzZG2DA6u-7R7pu7IlL4u2JUhl2Nzdu14rkQ7lf-L2o7c8lXxHuQ3hyRoOR6ROK9epYzdyvmG5JC04pSw75odTBJpBo/s1600/title.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSS-BWmBdCN2eAY9u9JKFsH3OeWDjWSRuLjzoel0AcGMqtD6qngzZG2DA6u-7R7pu7IlL4u2JUhl2Nzdu14rkQ7lf-L2o7c8lXxHuQ3hyRoOR6ROK9epYzdyvmG5JC04pSw75odTBJpBo/s320/title.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I guess my description of the scenes is now redundant as a
news reporter (the prolific Maurice Kaufman, known for being a suspect in A
Shot in The Dark, a victim in the Abominable Dr. Phibes, and the star of the TV
series Champion House and Gary Halliday) now describes the action as flooding
the Thames with burning gasoline (“This is a fine welcome! You treated Jerry
Lee Lewis better than this!”) only provides an awesome scene as the monster
wades through the fire. I’m sure of the of four suit actors in this shot was
scared witless.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
An army officer (Nigel Greene of Zulu and Jason and the
Argonauts) exposits the attack of the army as stock footage of tanks (turning
into fresh footage) is intercut with crowds fleeing and infantry being driven
in (“I can’t believe we all missed the bus”) and the news reporter’s
narration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of course tank cannons and
machine guns can’t stop Gorgo sr from wrecking the Tower Bridge ( a beautiful,
intricate model) as Challenger’s Brontosaurus did before. “The power of this
thing is fantastic!” (“And I’m on half-power as it is!”)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid9GuHBesQfCpXCaxMTYkvD0OyBMm-zSfHTB59Xe2QzmwRLSmHnORBCUmkk7Is3olGG3SjQ8Vo5LQL4QOhirIHwjWFIIabq9QDBF7ktj5z0CGocwulr_uyHip9rp9heMCQ_TYYRUCq9fw/s1600/gorgobigben.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid9GuHBesQfCpXCaxMTYkvD0OyBMm-zSfHTB59Xe2QzmwRLSmHnORBCUmkk7Is3olGG3SjQ8Vo5LQL4QOhirIHwjWFIIabq9QDBF7ktj5z0CGocwulr_uyHip9rp9heMCQ_TYYRUCq9fw/s320/gorgobigben.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Despite the hopes of Mike and the bots that Mary Poppins,
Robbie Coltrane, or the Queen Mum coming in to save the day, mummy Gorgo shrugs
off rocket attacks to destroy the Westminster Clock Tower in the highlight of
the film. Big Ben shrieks its last as the elaborate miniature topples and makes
her way towards Piccadily and her son. Joe (finally doing something heroic) and
Sean escape to the Underground and narrowly avoid getting killed by the
collapsing tunnel and rush of water from the river. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSPVf_0GQTeiTHAoZsBFSxU94qfIN_ox7U3rL36WN8jZaTHAH3xc4GRxsRChlAdOuOn_bfEojCE9eHUVpTT0IHdj8lZN8jAgTHJd8vcNrNydGZb0Jd7gQu28ZAuaVk7u6c59ASU7UjFXA/s1600/Gorgo%252B0066.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSPVf_0GQTeiTHAoZsBFSxU94qfIN_ox7U3rL36WN8jZaTHAH3xc4GRxsRChlAdOuOn_bfEojCE9eHUVpTT0IHdj8lZN8jAgTHJd8vcNrNydGZb0Jd7gQu28ZAuaVk7u6c59ASU7UjFXA/s320/Gorgo%252B0066.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Madam Gorgo crashes through Piccadilly square (another
beautiful shot), the RAF arrives via stock footage to no effect (“Pacifist or
not, Gandhi’s gotta be chuckling about now”), Joe and Sean reunite with Sam at
the circus (wait, isn’t that where they started from?), and the paleontologists
and army decide to push all the power in the metro area at the electrical fence
between the Gorgos. Joe comes full circle, apologizing to Sam as they help set
up the wires.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The approach of the parent
through the circus uses a full set, and it’s another gorgeous shot.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The movie reaches its climax as Joe, Sean and Sam watch (and
the reporter narrates) as Lady Gorgo rescues Jr (“You’re coming with me, young
lizard!” “Damn, mom; you’re big!”) and wades back.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reporter gives one last piece-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“We prayed for a miracle. Maybe our prayers have been
answered. A great city, overwhelmed, exhausted, lies helpless under the immeasurable
power and ferocity of this towering apparition from before the dawn of history.
Yet, as disdaining the pygmies under her feet, she turns back! Turns with her
young, leaving the prostrate city, leaving the haunts of man, and leaving man
himself to ponder the proud boast that he alone is lord of all creation.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Big Gorgo roars in reply (“SHUT UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUP! Windbag!”)
as the family wades back to the Thames en route to the North Sea.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“You’re going back now. Back to the sea” Sean closes the
movie with a relieved smile, and the last shot is of the monsters wading off
into the distance.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPpVh2UpmQKQhlqVXtExMlAHYLOpqO9BnmU0DnDHVlL71LgpyBKg7zzm9n-QeVj6GRwYzp5DUYUHJe9lNXwS_0HypymANkyB_ouj2XDGQ2U0Dan3V2Uu4uE3J8Le8wqovZSOTdOhZh6YY/s1600/758303.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPpVh2UpmQKQhlqVXtExMlAHYLOpqO9BnmU0DnDHVlL71LgpyBKg7zzm9n-QeVj6GRwYzp5DUYUHJe9lNXwS_0HypymANkyB_ouj2XDGQ2U0Dan3V2Uu4uE3J8Le8wqovZSOTdOhZh6YY/s320/758303.jpg" width="215" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gorgo was successful enough to warrant an American comic
(released by Charelton Comics and drawn by the legendary Steve Ditko), a
British Novel by Carson Bingham (of which I cannot find a copy) and a Japanese
ripoff by Toei studios in Gappa, the Triphibian Monster. It’s been speculated
that Gorgo doing well compared to the straightforward sci-fi epic Undersea
Warship (also titled Atragon) is what led to Godzilla’s return to the screen in
his first kid-friendly adventure in 1962. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What do I think? I think it’s a good movie. Yes, it’s got
boring parts and the leads are fairly boring and unlikable on first viewing
(Joe’s rescuing Shawn and apologizing to Sam comes very late in the picture),
the cast is minimal (it’s a two-man show like Behemoth), and the military stock
footage is insufferable, but it makes it up in many other ways. I’m going to be
hated for this, but I like this more than the other 1961 kaiju-to-the-rescue-wrecks-greedy-people
epic Mothra. Gorgo’s suit is impressive and intimidating, the sets are gorgeous
and well-integrated, the premise is innovative, the music by Angelo Lavagnino
is lush (Lourie especially loved it more than his other film’s scores) and the
cinematography (by Freddie Young of Ivanhoe, Mogambo, Lawrence of Arabia,
Doctor Zhivago and You Only Live Twice) and art design (by Lourie’s English
counterpart Elliot Scott who worked on films from Who Framed Roger Rabbit to
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade to the aforementioned Tom Thumb) is
gorgeous. Eugune Lourie was a great visual director, giving an earthy beauty to
the prehistoric monster and the dirty, grey British isles. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I recommend this movie to fans of kaiju, effects films, and
sea monsters. Dinosaur fans might be annoyed by the total fantasy and
stereotypical presentation of the dinosaur here, but I think the production
values make up for it. I give it a 73/100; a flawed but strong film that’s
definitely worth remembering. The Mystery Science Theater version is one of the
best episodes; and in Shout Factory’s 25<sup>th</sup> anniversary set of
episodes it’s accompanied by an excellent documentary by Balyhoo Entertainment
called “<i>Ninth Wonder of the World”. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /><br />A clean print with a featurette: https://www.amazon.com/Gorgo-Bill-Travers/dp/6305989419<br /><br />For the MST version https://www.amazon.com/Mystery-Science-Theater-3000-Anniversary<br /><br />For another humorous MSTie review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPkX4qEMsOU</div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-86461182185622486712017-02-10T06:27:00.000-08:002017-02-10T06:27:19.410-08:00Paleoanthropology vs Sasquatch: the obligatory cryptozoology post<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
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Two of my inspirations for this little blog are Dr. Darren
Naish’s <a href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/">Tetrapod Zoology</a>
and youtuber <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/GamerCreator12345/videos">Treytheexplainer</a>
If you follow them (and you really should), you’ll notice they’re interested in
the quasiscience of cryptozoology. Cryptozoology is the analysis and
speculation on evidence of previously unknown species of organisms. It can also
apply to the study of out-of-context finds of known taxa in new times and
places.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Cryptids”, known from all forms
of inconclusive evidence, include everything from mythical monsters to
prehistoric survival speculation to simply animals of known clades that can’t
be verified as a specific taxon. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like
the aforementioned personalities, I think cryptozoology does deserve attention,
albeit critical. In college, I was trained in anthropology, and that combines
with my knowledge of zoology and paleontology to provide a pretty unique perspective
I would say. </div>
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In my opinion, the best books of this are Darren Naish’s
Cryptozoologicon<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Cryptozoologicon-I-Darren-Naish-ebook/dp/B00GDF7OAK"> https://www.amazon.com/Cryptozoologicon-I-Darren-Naish-ebook/dp/B00GDF7OAK</a>,
Daniel Loxton’s Abominable Science <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Abominable-Science-Origins-Nessie-Cryptids/dp/023115321X">https://www.amazon.com/Abominable-Science-Origins-Nessie-Cryptids/dp/023115321X</a>,
and David Daegling’s Bigfoot Exposed <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Bigfoot-Exposed-Anthropologist-Examines-Americas/dp/0759105391">https://www.amazon.com/Bigfoot-Exposed-Anthropologist-Examines-Americas/dp/0759105391</a>.
I myself have had an interest in mythical animals and their possible veracity. I
guess there’s a logical link there; cryptids are often proposed to be
descendants or relics of prehistoric animals, and may often be inspired by
people finding fossils or remembering their prehistoric neighbors. I think
another reason is that prehistoric animals really are mythical monsters in real
life; they’re our dragons and unicorns and centaurs and giants, only they’re
real.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4mi-QR73NOgEw5QZiQzL7aWP7B-3El1AKJUfDuDpkYWCd1zqgpLXweZXFWsSDOOq92B14tfCKULAgQAiR-sZRz2BsUyyYuIl4r2nKN1vnq3w61V07QQFW-XjcD4_PgjR7nbAT9kaxu04/s1600/38c727b58db7d63de01762c3c63f9709.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4mi-QR73NOgEw5QZiQzL7aWP7B-3El1AKJUfDuDpkYWCd1zqgpLXweZXFWsSDOOq92B14tfCKULAgQAiR-sZRz2BsUyyYuIl4r2nKN1vnq3w61V07QQFW-XjcD4_PgjR7nbAT9kaxu04/s320/38c727b58db7d63de01762c3c63f9709.jpg" width="239" /></a></div>
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At any rate, I’m going to talk about the most famous North
American Cryptid, the Sasquatch or Bigfoot. The word Sasquatch comes from the
Halkomelem Salish peoples, a variety of different tribes living in British
Colombia near Vancouver. The name is originally Sekuts, and the story is that
they are a tribe of giant supernatural wild people connected to the forests,
who can bless or eat people who come across them depending on their judgement.
They are hairy, wearing few clothes, and associated with rival tribes, bears,
and white men; dangerous and powerful folk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They are the equivalents of centaurs, fairies, elves, and trolls;
half-natural people with amazing power that hide in the wilderness that should
be left alone at all costs. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKmOOIboq7OFbXfz2AeVY2NDZBAMop9A4L_ovpkkD1ZPz2Bugdj-x6c6IVH1dbTauHQIuJACDhf7rdw8hbhyphenhyphen2j5NeJm0YL6wmvqWz-1MfCLnr8zmFM9ji7POKTgYY1vqogjSd6HmSuJEI/s1600/dc8f2dd2b1a450c19188403af6a21fb2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKmOOIboq7OFbXfz2AeVY2NDZBAMop9A4L_ovpkkD1ZPz2Bugdj-x6c6IVH1dbTauHQIuJACDhf7rdw8hbhyphenhyphen2j5NeJm0YL6wmvqWz-1MfCLnr8zmFM9ji7POKTgYY1vqogjSd6HmSuJEI/s320/dc8f2dd2b1a450c19188403af6a21fb2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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There are so many descriptions of what these Sasquatch are
originally, but the general idea is a giant humanoid primate covered in hair.
My personal history involves sightings…in popular culture. My childhood fear of
great apes for their uncanny humanlike appearance led to a similar fear of
these apemen. Even the benign, goofy sasquatch of the sitcom Harry and the
Hendersons and the simple stop-motion Abominable Snow Monster of Rankin Bass’
Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer gave me nightmares. Like most of my fears, it
turned into fascination and curiosity as I grew older.</div>
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Where paleontology comes into it is how it could explain the
legend, carried on through the present by constant sightings and humanlike
footprints. When all you’ve got is “big primate”, you can find a lot of
different possible explanations. We can eliminate prosimians right off;
although their nocturnal habits and former range in North America makes them
amusingly more fitting than other primates in those respects. New world Monkeys
are often dismissed considering their small size and arboreal habits; however,
apemen have been part of South American stories as well, and a Dr. Francois De
Loys once tried to pass off a large spider monkey as a new anthropoid ape.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh52luOkyVck5rzR8v2GA_0cWNXrKgD0nUInSXEBLXW-KZDz8EUlOLwnHvXOVNY6SbaMuSUjeS3yXvd9UgG9Eg5h211m9-7K6QPSdqp6_PtXFIG8M40jR_PBWHn0raU3RRpNoYbuktplxo/s1600/175b69fc1ac5fd7dee621be0c92f4d80.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh52luOkyVck5rzR8v2GA_0cWNXrKgD0nUInSXEBLXW-KZDz8EUlOLwnHvXOVNY6SbaMuSUjeS3yXvd9UgG9Eg5h211m9-7K6QPSdqp6_PtXFIG8M40jR_PBWHn0raU3RRpNoYbuktplxo/s320/175b69fc1ac5fd7dee621be0c92f4d80.jpg" width="273" /></a></div>
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As a rule, Old World Monkeys are never considered as apes
fit the bill much better than their cohabitants. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So we come to the apes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One prehistoric ape considered was the very
widespread, long-lived Miocene ape Dryopithecus. Dryopithecus had large teeth
but a gracile jaw, and the long arms suggest it was an arboreal animal. Early
paleoanthropologists thought it might have been an ancestor to humans, but
determining that it was this specific taxon that gave rise to the Australopiths
is almost impossible to acertain considering how generalist and arboreal the
animal seems to have been. One connection is the oak forests (hence the name)
that the animal was found from, but the subtropical environment may have had
more fruit bearing trees as well. Another argument is the ratio of arm length
to height within human proportions; this fails as many other unspecialized
great apes have the exact same limb length, and the limbs are shaped for
quadrupedal limb-running. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally the
jaw is similarly gracile like that of a human…or a gibbon or monkey.
Australopithecus has the same kind of weak jaw, which distinguishes them from
the genus Paranthropus. Again, this just shows a frugivore morphology, not a
direct link with hominins. We just happened to keep our jaws weak through a
soft food diet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’ll write about
Dryopithecus later, so stay tuned for more on this ape.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihfj4kjlgS13qrWm5NGU71DbXGzy1SFc-xaOQVNcRtIVEpZHDC08qkoF-wgBTTvFBTYBpF-d_b30tzjH7-OXqboXHsHvGuO59AepjBIPZF92-22_WVQkvVR1fhM_-F27uzf-ulLj4mEmw/s1600/7c3f1c389b880899df538dcb7a6bd5bd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihfj4kjlgS13qrWm5NGU71DbXGzy1SFc-xaOQVNcRtIVEpZHDC08qkoF-wgBTTvFBTYBpF-d_b30tzjH7-OXqboXHsHvGuO59AepjBIPZF92-22_WVQkvVR1fhM_-F27uzf-ulLj4mEmw/s320/7c3f1c389b880899df538dcb7a6bd5bd.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The most popular explanation is Gigantopithecus, the largest
ape that ever lived. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The reason is that
Gigantopithecus is fairly enigmatic itself, as it’s only known from a few
mandibles and a hundred teeth. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
fragmentary nature allows for wild speculation on what this animal looked like.
However, we can tell a lot from what we do know. The jaw is a scaled-up version
of an orangutan jaw, suggesting a giant orang. Gigantopithecus has been found
alongside its relatives Sivapithecus and orangs, and is almost certainly a
member of their clade. That would exclude them from becoming habitual bipeds,
as orangs are quadrupeds on the ground for the post part. Indeed, Disney’s
Orangutan-based reconstruction is more likely than the bipedal Sasquatch model.
There’s also the fact that the Sasquatch is said to be an omnivore with a
variety of different food sources to survive in the North American woods, while
Giganopithecus’ teeth have been examined for phytoliths to reveal a diet of
fruit and bamboo. Finally, Giganopithecus seems to have been fairly
specialized, a giant herbivore variation on the primate model. Specialists tend
to evolve to become more specialized for their habitat, not evolve to a
completely different niche and specialty. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is especially relevant as there is no
evidence that Giganopithecus ever reached north of Hubei or Sichuan, indicating
it was a warm-weather animal even in the ice ages. We would have to find them
in Siberia, or a full skeleton that has bipedal characteristics</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdL9lzfb_TdsMdJ21h2Z1A0H6ZisqTE325Nsg6Qsw8LxHgolbMt8rkZ7ixY59K1-9ZpBV-h_AKoVpC3bpVRyKLrRASuPWfXQUqzLIOOV9rhUD_h97Xwd7nds8oUZaMDEH9WfQed3owU7c/s1600/28f4b83022c3c5cf7add2c15d7c2ac89.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdL9lzfb_TdsMdJ21h2Z1A0H6ZisqTE325Nsg6Qsw8LxHgolbMt8rkZ7ixY59K1-9ZpBV-h_AKoVpC3bpVRyKLrRASuPWfXQUqzLIOOV9rhUD_h97Xwd7nds8oUZaMDEH9WfQed3owU7c/s320/28f4b83022c3c5cf7add2c15d7c2ac89.jpg" width="252" /></a></div>
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Physiology and the structure of the feet in the footprints
suggests instead a hominin or bipedal ape. Cryptozoologist Loren Coleman
prefers instead Paranthropus. Paranthropus was a big-jawed, big-toothed
Australopithecine that lived alongside other Australopithecus and the first
species of human.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were as bipedal
as their human counterparts, but rather than continue developing their brains
for tool work, relied on massive jaws and teeth to process fallback foods
during times of famine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paranthropus is
the closest we get to an ape-man in paleontology. The problem with this
explanation is that Paranthropus, even in its largest species, P. boisei, was
only 4 ½ feet tall at most. Furthermore, they have never been found north or
east of Ethiopia, with no fossil remains in Asia let alone America. While
primate fossils are comparatively rare, the lack of fossils as always prevents
this from being a likely explanation. We would need a transitional form, a
Paranthropine more than 5 feet tall found in Asia. Could ancestral memories
dating from the beginning of our genus place these ape men in modern
consciousness a million years later? That’s possible, but there’s easier
answers. </div>
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The Father of Cryptozoology, Bernard Heuvelmans was fond of
using “Pithecanthropus” (an archaic name for Homo erectus) as an explanation
for ape men cryptids. There is a problem with this explanation: his reconstruction
was based on outdated 19<sup>th</sup> century models of the species of human.
Hand axes and soot at H. erectus sites suggests that they used fire and stone
tools. There’s still some leeway considering the physical and geographical
variation in Homo erectus, enough for there to be a debate if the taxon should
be split into two or more species, but for one to eschew tools and fire to
adopt a solitary, nocturnal lifestyle seems extremely unlikely.</div>
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Neanderthals have also been proposed, but their western
distribution, big noses, short stature, sophisticated tools and even a sense of
art and magic counts them out. Neanderthals were once thought to be ape men,
but all that was based on Marcellin Boule’s insistence of Neanderthals being a
human ancestor (ironically another early 20<sup>th</sup>-century scientist
proposed that said specimen was a regular human of our species suffering from
rickets). Once more and more Neanderthals were found, their range, lifestyle,
and physical appearance became apparent. They were close enough to their sister
species to breed with us. I like to tell people at the museum Straus and Cave’s
phrase that a well-dressed Neanderthal would blend in on the New York subway as
an extremely ugly normal human.</div>
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That’s the paleoanthropological perspective, anyway.
Cultural anthropology is closer to the truth, I think; all over the world,
humans have stories of giants, dwarfs, and beast-men. Every culture seems to
have a half-animal, half-human barbarian. To quote Kenneth Wylie in his
fascinating book on Bigfoot and its adherents (in turn quoting an unspecified
author) and paraphrase Voltaire, if a creature like a gorilla did not exist,
mankind would have to invent it. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIau_dBq9XFWqMEstxvH5v1zxFuDgqOruPeqBmoS1gtxDXeHceuGa2a0AXxl86unIzmqpEkbUqf_26DWkUtq_3TRSqM28hpHoRkSETAbRgEnIsjUHseveWBG8D7Iv1CdTiRQtuWmLbYhg/s1600/no_8.supernaturalspirits_hero_dynamic_lead_slide.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIau_dBq9XFWqMEstxvH5v1zxFuDgqOruPeqBmoS1gtxDXeHceuGa2a0AXxl86unIzmqpEkbUqf_26DWkUtq_3TRSqM28hpHoRkSETAbRgEnIsjUHseveWBG8D7Iv1CdTiRQtuWmLbYhg/s320/no_8.supernaturalspirits_hero_dynamic_lead_slide.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Haida have a story of a woman who had children with a
skinchanger who assumed the form of a bear outside his tent. In cultures
contacting with bears, bears are viewed as rather humanlike due to their
omnivory, flat feet, and the ability to stand on two legs. Material ascribed to
the Himalayan Yeti has often turned out to be of the rare Tibetan brown bear
and Asian black bear. I’m not saying sasquatches are based on bears, but I’m
saying that exact thing. Of course, bears shouldn’t get all the blame; ape men
appear in many cultures where bears are entirely unknown, but they make for
thoughts about human-animal connections. In many parts of Asia, people see both
bears and monkeys (apes in South East Asia as well) and see their kinship.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>David Daegling said that the reason we see
Sasquatch is because we want to see it even on a subconscious level. </div>
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As a biological entity, Sasquatch is on shaky footing and a
long shot in terms of what we know about primate biology. As a cultural figure,
however, Sasquatch is very much alive even in these days where nature is fading
and wilderness is lost. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I hope people
never stop seeing them, even if they know it’s a dream. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I hope we find more about these fossil apes so
mysterious to us. And I hope today’s apes can hang on when their habitats are
condemned to death by short-sighted greed; that the animals we know exist don’t
join the ranks of Paranthropus and Gigantopithecus. </div>
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David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-10382946442792768382017-01-28T15:56:00.000-08:002017-01-28T15:56:30.270-08:00Pictures At An Exhibition 3<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Today I’m returning to my Pictures At An Exhibition. In case
you haven’t read part 1, here’s the link <a href="http://davidsamateurpalaeo.blogspot.com/2015/03/pictures-at-exhibition-part-1.html">http://davidsamateurpalaeo.blogspot.com/2015/03/pictures-at-exhibition-part-1.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The mural discussed this time is off-exhibit, as the space
in both the Paleozoic and Cenozoic sections of the Evolving Planet exhibits is
limited. It’s not a very spectacular mural, but it’s a big one that requires a
lot of space. The corresponding gallery is relatively small, forming up part of
a larger room transitioning to another gallery. This is too bad-there’s not
much in the mural itself, but it’s still a haunting piece by a master artist. </div>
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<a name='more'></a><br />
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This painting’s label is currently unknown, but it depicts
the shore of the Ordovician sea, 460 million years ago. You see, before
dinosaurs became the stars of the main fossil exhibit, the Field Museum used to
have a separate gallery of Paleozoic life, complete with dioramas showing life
under the sea. Two of Knight’s paintings may have either been featured here or
in the main gallery, but were meant to correspond to the gallery of marine
fossils. The University of Michigan museum still has their dioramas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At any rate, it was the age of marine
invertebrates, and Knight was depicting examples of them.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvpnNg5C_L37AmxWriF9-n1qZ1nqc_4bVXYdZrLMehkfUA2WNbV2mwb9RuZ2Gr74j-3u6mKUPG10KBjHdMUvRKCV3VBdjE5rG1sWXtfpOAfIq8S4G0WVarZ-w1OJhBk3jrqUuNvqYrhu0/s1600/CK23BT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvpnNg5C_L37AmxWriF9-n1qZ1nqc_4bVXYdZrLMehkfUA2WNbV2mwb9RuZ2Gr74j-3u6mKUPG10KBjHdMUvRKCV3VBdjE5rG1sWXtfpOAfIq8S4G0WVarZ-w1OJhBk3jrqUuNvqYrhu0/s320/CK23BT.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The setting is the shore around a bay, with large boulders
and rock pillars forming the sides and background. You see, in all of these
Knight murals, every scene is out of the water. Even those dealing with
expanses of oceans show the animals breaching the surface. This isn’t due to an
artistic failing-many of Knight’s murals show underwater activity; indeed, many
cover this exact subject. I think it was to create a kind of continuity across
the murals.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The foreground is dedicated to beached sea life. The context
may be of a storm or a tidal wave that stranded this sea life on the shore.
This is reminiscent of many old drawings of sea life; a lot of what we know is
from beached specimens; many species of deep sea fish, whales and squid
were/are known only from beached specimens. It took centuries for scientists to
see the giant squid in its natural habitat. In this way, the mural is a clever
invocation of past natural history art while illustrating new material. It’s a
tantalizing hint at the creatures of the ocean.</div>
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The creatures in question are fairly typical of the period.
In the foreground pile of seaweed are a pile of ammonites. They are shown as
closed or empty shells; it’s possible ammonites had an operculum like a snail,
but that’s still under debate. An operculum, in a mollusk context, is a hard
covering that slips over the opening of the animal when it withdraws entirely
into the shell to prevent dehydration and predation. It’s also possible they
could have been washed on shore already eaten by scavengers, as the land lacked
anything but bacteria to act as scavengers. </div>
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The biggest animals of the period are featured as stranded,
this time with their squishy bits intact; two giant nautiloids. As part of the
Ordovician diversity, there was a flourishing in the basal cephalopods, the
nautiloids. One branch was the aforementioned ammonoids, which lasted until the
great Cretaceous extinction. One that emerged after the Ordovician extinction
was the Coleoids, containing today’s squid and octopus. Of the basal
nautiloids, only the Nautilus itself survives. The biggest invertebrates until
the Mesozoic were Endocerids, very successful in the Ordovician before the
whole order was wiped out in the mass extinction to come. The largest genera
were Camaroceras and Endoceras, reach 20-30 and 12 feet long respectively. Of
course, it is these leviathans that are at the center of the mural.</div>
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Filling out the trio are the ubiquitous trilobites. Not
being a trilobite expert, I can only guess that they depict the largest and
most spectacular genus Isotelus, which is found in Ordovcian rocks. Their
order, the Asaphids, were among the casualties of the Ordovician extinction.
The Ordovician was a boom-bust period, where the revolution in diversity was
suddenly hit by a catastrophe. It says something about the success of these
clades that they recovered in the Silurian and Devonian-the ammonites thrived,
the Orthocones hung on until fish drove them out in the Carboniferous, and the
Trilobites made it even to the Permian. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So, with the two cephalopods and the trilobites, you get a
small but dramatic sample of Ordovician sea life. Of course, if the setting was
underneath the waves, it would show the first coral reefs, sponges, mollusks,
echinoderms, trilobites etc. The dioramas would have filled in that lack, as
the painting would connect that gallery with the main fossil hall. Still, it’s
Knight’s best effort to feature the marine life of the period without breaking
his motif. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The composition of the piece is good-the shore’s marine life
and the water’s edge are centered between the rocks, and there’s a nice
counterpoint between the water and land with neither dominating the scale. The
trilobites, Endocerids and ammonites each have a distinct look and color,
although the brown ammonites do blend in with the brown seaweed washed on top
of them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Knight loves to show animals in
different positions by showing multiple individuals, and this is the first time
we see this in the series. This is an excellent way to show three dimensions in
terms of the subjects, although this does lead to visual redundancy. It’s more
successful when it comes to herds and gregarious animals. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The mural is limited by having the animals out of their
context, but it’s certainly unique in this. It works to transition from the
previous murals of landscapes to subsequent ones of fauna. Once we reach the
Permian, we’ll go to animal life in full swing, but this is the first show of
animal life in the series of murals. It’s not going to be anyone’s favorite
mural, but it’s a fine Charles Knight piece.</div>
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<br /></div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-12153208491489205642017-01-20T19:08:00.001-08:002017-01-23T07:56:41.224-08:00Movie Review: Behemoth the Sea Monster/The Giant Behemoth<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
One of the most interesting filmmakers when it comes to
dinosaurs was Eugène Lourié. A Franco-Ukranian who fled the country after
making the anti-Revolutionary film The Black Crows,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>he revived his career in France as an artist
for the film industry, acting as production designer for directors Jean Renoir
and Rene Clair, and art designer for Rene Sti, Georges Marret, Jean de Limur,
Marcel L’Herbier, Georges Lacombe, and fellow exile Viktor Tourjansky. As a
director from 1953-61, he dabbled in American television, the high concept
sci-fi film Colossus of New York, and three films about prehistoric sea monsters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After his brief directorial stint, he
returned to art direction, this time in Hollywood, doing such films as The
Battle of the Bulge, Crack of the World, Confessions of an Opium Eater, and
more TV work. His interest in special effects led him to work in the
spectacular Krakatoa, East of Java. He retired after 1980’s Bronco Billy, and
his only speaking role was as a doctor in the 1983 erotic thriller Breathless.
He died in LA in 1991. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
His first, best, and most successful of the three Sea
Monster films was The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms. I’ve already discussed it but
needless to say, his excellent eye combined with amazing effects by the master
Ray Harryhausen to make a blockbuster. Godzilla was born of both the Beast and
King Kong (the favorite film of both Harryhausen and his Toho counterpart Eiji
Tsuburaya), proving to be just as successful as his parents. Both Godzilla and
his Beastly progenitor proved to be decisive for Lourie’s next films.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The epic producer Ted Lloyd partnered up with
thriller-focused David Diamond with Lourie to make a new science fiction epic.
The rising interest in science fiction about atomic radiation prompted writers
Allen Adler (who also wrote Forbidden Planet) and the obscure playright Robert
Abel <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to consider making a film about an
amorphous bloblike being resembling a flying, glowing ball of light, that
ravaged London with horrifying radiation. However, the distributors Eros Films
and Allied Artists knew of Lourie’s dinosaur blockbuster, of course, and the
1956 Godzilla was an international smash as well. So, they insisted to change
it to the more visually interesting, kid-friendly, ever popular dinosaur. </div>
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So, Lourie, in tandem with the blacklisted writer Daniel
James who had helped him write Beast From 20,000 Fathoms, turned the alien ball
into a prehistoric monster. Lourie suggested the unemployed effects
revolutionary Willis O’Brien to do the beast, the producers chose Jack Rabin
(this also happened in the production of O’Brien’s brainchild The Beast of
Hollow Mountain), but Jack Rabin in turn hired O’Brien as supervisor. Since his
old apprentice Harryhausen had gone off to his own career, O’Bie had his
current apprentice Pete Peterson (Who had helped him with Black Scorpion and
worked alongside both O’Brien and Harryhausen in Mighty Joe Young). Matting and
optics was provided by the prolific Louis DeWitt and Irving Block, partners
with Rabin, and Phil Kellerson provided miniatures of London and the
countryside. </div>
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The story begins with a gently rocking shot of the north
Atlantic, an echoy narrator quoting the first line of Job 40:15 (the rest of
the passage, talking about a river-living herbivore probably corresponding to a
hippopotamus or elephant, is naturally omitted) before the credits open. David
Diamond gets the first name, with Gene Evans, Andre Morell and John Turner as
the top billed cast. Lourie is given sole screenwriting and directing credits,
interestingly. Stock nuclear explosion footage leads to a pretentious monologue
on the real and relevant issue of the dangers of radiation by the main
character, Professor Steve Carns. He’s played by Gene Evans, real life war hero
and Hollywood and TV’s prolific tough-as-nail officer, mixing in professorial
intellect with the stereotypical American gung-ho bravado as he sets up the
premise of the movie. He concludes with “Gentlemen, we are witnessing a
biological chain reaction; a geometrical progression of deadly menace!”.</div>
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While
this seems uncommonly thoughtful for the time (many on both sides of the pond
treated and to some extent still treat nuclear weapons and power very
casually), the bombast undermines him faster than Al Gore reading out
environmental science. I believe the only black person in the movie is seen as
part of the international symposium here.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>While he is razzed by an unnamed scientist played by South African TV
star Leonard Sachs, he is appreciated by the other main character Professor
James Bickford, played by Andre Morrell, a prolific English stage and film
actor who supported Jack Hawkins in both Bridge on the River Kwai and Ben Hur. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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We then cut from London to Cornwall, where fisherman Tom
Trevathan and his daughter Jean pick up unexpected dead fish. Jean leaves her
father briefly, and he is killed by a bright blow as he stands on the shore.
Tom is played by the character actor Henri Vidon, and Jean is played by the
top-billed actress Leigh Madison, who had just finished her only starring role
in the heist film The Pleasure Lovers. Looking into pub for her father, she
recruits her boyfriend, the smirking barfly John(played by another prolific
character actor John Turner). They find Tom dying on the beach from severe burn
wounds, identifying his attacker simply as “behemoth”. After Tom’s funeral,
Jean and John return to the beach and find hundreds of dead fish washed ashore,
along with glowing shining goop that burns Tom’s hand when he tries to touch
it. </div>
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Hearing the news, Carns recruits Bickford, who is curious
enough to check out the weird incident. The heroes talk with John and other
Cornish residents, who report fish dieoff before John takes them to Dr. Morris,
who in turn exposits on Tom’s mortal injuries and reveals John’s burned hand.
As John, Jean, and the Cornish watch, Carns and Bickford find no trace of
residual radiation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We never see the
Cornish again, despite seemingly setting up Jean and John as protagonists;
instead the scientists head back to London where Carns jumps to the conclusion
that the radiation is associated with a living animal.</div>
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Bickford takes Carns to Dr Ned Lee (actor unidentified) and
his radiology lab where Carns examines flounder (which is another thoughtful,
scientific bit) and has them radioauthographed. One caught off Plymouth shows
heavy radiation, leading Carns to Plymouth to investigate. With an equally
fearless captain, they brave a storm and sight the diving head of a sea dragon
(or rather a stiff but thankfully brief and well-shot prop head).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bickford wires him immediately of a ship
sinking- Carns inspects the wreckage the following day and concludes a giant
radioactive sea beast. Pickford has to concede when he reveals that the glowing
glob that burned John was radioactive vomit from said sea beast. They tell
their findings to Admiral Summers (played by another prolific character actor,
Australian Lloyd Lamble), who actually takes them seriously enough to call the
Royal Navy to keep their eyes open. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This all seems rather leisurely, from the report of the
death to the RN’s vague proceedings, and only now does it seem the plot
actually begins. NATO (represented by stock footage and radio broadcasts)
sweeps the sea with radar. Finally the monster comes on land, reducing a farm
family to ash with a brief closeup of the head overlaid with the glowing
circles. </div>
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In true Godzilla fashion, it leaves a stereotypical
footprint that invokes sauropod and theropod feet without matching either in
the slightest. Carnes and Vickford finally meet Professor Sampson of the
Natural History Museum, who identifies it as a Paleosaurus (the name having
been used in the 1800s for indeterminate teeth belonging to sauropodomorphs,
phytosaurs, and other archosaurs).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jabbering and mugging furiously with quivering lip and eye bulging, he
estimates it to be 200 feet long, shows concept art to describe the animal, and
declares-“Oh, it's heading for the Thames. They always made for the freshwater
rivers to die. That's where their skeletons have been found - some irresistible
instinct to die in the shallows that gave them birth. You know, all my life I
hoped this would happen. Ever since childhood I expected it. I knew these
creatures were alive somewhere, but I had no proof, scientific proof, and I had
to keep it to myself, or my colleagues would have all laughed at me. See, no
form of life ceases abruptly, and all those reports of sea serpents - well,
what can they be?... The tall, graceful neck of paleosaurus. He can stay
underneath the surface for an age, and now he comes to the top.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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“I suppose you know it’s also electric?” he exposits;
somehow knowing that despite muscles, let alone electric ones, never been
imprinted in any Triassic rock. This electric ability is explained by Carnes as
how the monster projects its radiation on demand. Bickford and Carns race back
to the admiralty to tell Summers “first block off the Thames”. Being a military
figure in a monster movie, he draws the line here and offers vague promises
instead of sending a squadron to patrol the mouth. Stock footage establishes
radar is ineffectual as Sampson takes a helicopter to investigate. No sooner
than he sees the glowing outline of the animal than it releases more glowing
circles that blows up the chopper. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After another stock footage interlude, we cut to ferries
across the Thames, focusing on one identified as leaving from approach S.E. 18.
We see the natural monster victims-a happy young couple and a girl with her
doll- as the cuts establish the crossing. In about a minute with additional
quick cuts of reactions, the ferry rolling and pitching, and a very cheap
looking dragon puppet, the Behemoth capsizes it. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
More montages show the news spreading of the attack, and
soldiers meticulously evacuating the populace.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>We return to our heroes discussing how to kill the animal, with the navy
suggesting bombing and Bickford nixing the idea on the basis of the radioactive
debris contaminating the city, even ruling flamethrowers out as the smoke could
be irradiated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead, “suppose we
introduce, say, 10 centigrams of pure radium into this disintegrating mass” as
to overload the radiation. Of course the possibility of this causing another
atomic explosion isn’t discussed, as it’s a pretty lazy copy of the
Rhedosaurus-killing radioactive bullet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>“Couldn’t we fill up a shell with radium, say, anti-tank?” an officer
suggests (hilariously this would prove quite effective against the prehistoric
dragon Reptilicus). Bickford nixes that, too, saying they can’t risk missing
the 200 foot long BEHEMOTH. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“You know, a
torpedo would be an ideal solution” muses Carns. “No, that’s a really dumb idea
since you’re even more likely to miss”, muses myself and the audience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No one points out the ridiculousness of
torpedos being more accurate against a giant moving animal than an anti-tank
shell, so we just cut to shots establishing the city in terror, focusing on the
docks</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
.More awful shots of the puppet neck finally give way to the
monster landing in all its animated glory. It wrecks cranes and storms into the
streets. Unfortunately the camera insists on keeping low to the ground and
focusing on panicking crowds. The same street and its panic is intercut with
extremely awkward closeups of the monster. The same car is stepped on several
times. Very impressive shots of the monster in the street are intercut with
generic crowds running and extreme closeups of the moving animated head with
the buildings projected behind it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hilariously,
one group stops to gawk at the monster, and the Royal Army’s resistance is a
single squad with some light machine guns. Both these are burned with the
glowing overlay circles and a shot of a drawing of their charred corpses. The
rampage abruptly cuts to Bickford FINALLY putting on a radiation suit and
visiting completely welders working on the torpedo.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The next scene is the
best in the film; framed by distant city lights, the dark silhouetted Behemoth
lumbers towards the camera past a power plant, getting zapped by electrical
towers, then smashing them in Godzilla fashion, dragging one past the camera.
While derivative of the same scene in Godzilla,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the lighting makes the dragon shape look striking and menacing, and the
wide shot finally gives a sense of hugeness so lacking with other shots.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This and the next monster scene are the only
ones that that come close to Lourie’s constant dramatic framing of the imposing
Beast From 20,000 fathoms. More shots show London burning and a generator exploding
as the Beast walks along the riverfront. You can make out what might be
Westminster but it’s poorly established. Still, the lighting and the framing
again finally put the monster to spectacular use, especially as spotlights
illuminate the Behemoth grabbing a starting car and throwing it into the
Thames.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rampage abruptly ends as
Behemoth rears up impressively before crashing through a motor bridge. It’s not
even the tower bridge like O’Bie’s original Lost World. </div>
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<br /></div>
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We cut back to the scientists finally welding the torpedo.
Remember how pointless it was for Nesbitt to join the sniper in Beast from
20,000 Fathoms? This takes it a step further with the entirely redundant Carnes
acting as navigator in a two-man sub.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The film even seems to lampshade this</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Just tell me where to steer and when to pull the trigger”
jokes the captain</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“I’ll certainly try” chuckles Carnes. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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The Behemoth is finally seen swimming in stop-motion, an
impressive effect that Godzilla would not see until 1999 and again very
reminiscent of a similarly inventive scene in Beast from 20,000 Fathoms. Aside
from a nondramatic bump, the mission is successful and the monster abruptly
explodes. Somehow this doesn’t nuke the completely unprotected and leaky sub
and the Thames itself.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the best non-monster scene in the film, Carnes and
Bickford settle into their car when the radio reports of dead fish appearing on
the Atlantic coast of the US, prompting a grimace. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You may notice I’m a lot more detailed in this review than
in Beast. Well, it’s simply because you should fast forward through the
thoughtful but very slow-paced film and focus on the very brief stop motion.
Unlike Gorgo or Beast From 20,000 Fathoms, it’s rather clunky. As much as I
like scientists taking the lead in films, these old gents may be likeable but
man are they dull. The cast is just minimalist, and the action extremely brief.
You could tell this is the cheapest of Lourie’s films, sadly, and even the
mighty O’bie and Peterson had to work for one week on a shed table for the animation
with what looks like a very stiff, unexpressive model where you can visibly see
the stitching of the rubber alligator skin. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The monster just lacks the pathos of the
Rhedosaurs despite having a similar, dragonlike design. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I rate it 58 out of 100-while the pacing is tedious, it’s
very careful. The science wavers from predictably sloppy (the paleontology
especially) to rather thoughtful and accurate (the effects on marine life and
how it is measured). The cast is fine but extremely minimal-the young Cornish
couple is dumped entirely and no woman is seen again for more than a single
scene at a time. The paleontologist is played for laughs rather than pathos,
rather annoyingly. The monster scenes are brief and often poorly shot, but with
a few standouts worth watching. I’d rent this movie, not buy it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And don’t worry, I’ll get to Gorgo soon
enough! </div>
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David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-57448898765440733042016-11-16T12:56:00.000-08:002016-11-16T12:56:36.974-08:00Species that Don't Get Enough Publicity #12: Barylambda <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
The Field Museum is home to many holotypes-Brachiosaurus, the Southwestern
species of Parasaurolophus, Cryolophosaurus, Cacops, Secernosaurus, Varanops
and Thylacosmilus (more on them later). However, one prominent specimen is a
complete skeleton that puzzles visitors and scientists alike. It’s the first
thing visitors see exiting the theater that in turn exits from the dinosaur
hall. It’s mounted next to the tusked skulls of Coryphodon and Eobasileus in a
glass case, facing across from another showing extant orders of mammals under
Charles Knight’s depiction of Uintatherium and Orohippus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s been displayed outside the exhibit on the
gallery, and when Life Over Time opened in 1992, the mount was heralded, like
the others, by a colorful circus banner by Glen C. Davies. I distinctly
remember the hairy mammal in a boxer’s robe and gloves, raising his first
Ali-style over a fallen dinosaur in the ring, a symbol of mammalian success as
the dinosaurs fell to the mass extinction. This is Barylamdba.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxGmDeoz5wDNh5aCGaUF_zp-vs2p8RMQSvS-NtCjAMbPTJxDR76LlAPGAdApHXZxeumR_iWKDFdahhe4eYe-1EqTX0r1iIzyALC59E2vfIaQXvDvssmCia2dLjSL-Rr-_iQndGGJM3uvM/s1600/Barylambda+Field.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxGmDeoz5wDNh5aCGaUF_zp-vs2p8RMQSvS-NtCjAMbPTJxDR76LlAPGAdApHXZxeumR_iWKDFdahhe4eYe-1EqTX0r1iIzyALC59E2vfIaQXvDvssmCia2dLjSL-Rr-_iQndGGJM3uvM/s320/Barylambda+Field.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
Bryan Patterson of the Field Museum had followed Elmer Riggs on many
expeditions to Colorado in the 1910s and 20s, and so when Riggs decided to
focus on South American material instead in the 1930s, Patterson continued
Riggs’ work in Colorado. So, near Grand Junction, off what is now a stretch of
Highway 65 between the Colorado River and the Jerry Creek reservoirs, Patterson
prospected near where Othniel Marsh, Edward Cope, and Joseph Leidy had worked
on Paleocene mammals. In Mesa County he had found many specimens of the
primitive ungulate Phenacodus, the huge strange bearlike browser Titanoides,
and the small predator Paleonictis, This time in 1933, Patterson found another
big browser, bigger than anything else in the Debeque Formation. He named it
Titanoides faberi, assuming it to be another variation on the original
creature.<br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqakBj6M4uOeovKWZIRJX3Y5zCwtgsjxhpq8TYzomfpGsYSrOV54LIbxQDLyhrUJxKdoPTCN-3l7lQr7N53G6wlnce4o_DL2-AImUmZt5wjYklKfl7GktdbaswT8s1IereZKdYr7bs7Mc/s1600/Paleocene_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqakBj6M4uOeovKWZIRJX3Y5zCwtgsjxhpq8TYzomfpGsYSrOV54LIbxQDLyhrUJxKdoPTCN-3l7lQr7N53G6wlnce4o_DL2-AImUmZt5wjYklKfl7GktdbaswT8s1IereZKdYr7bs7Mc/s320/Paleocene_2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
After many years of collecting material from this new animal and many
relatives, Patterson did an assessment on his big primitive browsers-the
creature from Colorado was not Titanoides, but a new species. He named it
Barylambda, literally “heavy L”. The L probably refers to the lambdoid suture
in mammalian skulls, which is very prominent and thick in the skulls diagnosed.
The species name for it was faberi, probably after Charles L Faber, an expert
in the Paleozoic oceans of the Midwest from the 19<sup>th</sup> century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVr4PLpMI-OxPcDx7iY-SF5BDWtPaFwghynN6QtuzbXhot44gbK21pnn_YYYVf8RtVRbz0MGGFchVO9Veulr4UuedKyvKEmJMOkoaV5Cy5qqKKB9Ohzk34K-7MFVwatoZ1LWt2_0sMl8A/s1600/barylambda-size.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVr4PLpMI-OxPcDx7iY-SF5BDWtPaFwghynN6QtuzbXhot44gbK21pnn_YYYVf8RtVRbz0MGGFchVO9Veulr4UuedKyvKEmJMOkoaV5Cy5qqKKB9Ohzk34K-7MFVwatoZ1LWt2_0sMl8A/s320/barylambda-size.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Barylamdba is a pantodont cimolestid, two groups that have been extinct
since the Eocene. Cimolestids were a non-placental group of mammals appearing
in the late Cretaceous as small rodentlike critters in North America. In the
Paleocene, they seized their opportunity and burst into a huge diversity of
herbivores with large teeth. The shrewlike Palaeoryctes hunted insects in the
jungles of what is now Wyoming and Colorado, the dog-sized Stylinodon and
Psitaccotherium dug up roots with their big claws and devoured them with their
giant incisors. Another bigtoothed cimolestid was Trogosus, weighing up to 300
lbs and chomping through the woody undergrowth for starchy tubers. A small
Cimolestid was the arboreal Kopidodon from Germany’s Messel Pit, having a
squirrellike anatomy with the strange addition of big fighting canines<br />
. <br />
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The biggest and most successful Cimolestids were the Pantodonts, reaching
big sizes early. Unlike other cimolestids, they were browsers, covering the
globe; they traded in the kin’s buckteeth for high-crowned molars and
hippo-like tusks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first huge
pantodont was the aforementioned Titanoides, found by the American Museum in
1917, a flat footed bearlike tusker. After Titanoides came Barylamdba, the
gorilla-sized type specimen being succeeded by specimens the size of ponies and
grizzly bears. Barylamdba had two similar kin, Leptolambda and Haplolambda.<br />
<br />
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The head of Barylambda is long and low, with a flaring nose. The titular
suture is large and forms a nuchal crest like that of most ungulate. This
animal was reaching its neck up and using its large nose and forward placed,
horizontally facing eyes to seek food. The teeth are large, high and pointed;
browsing teeth for crushing leaves and branches.<br />
<br />
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The radius and ulna are huge, and the olecranon and radial head project out.
This animal had huge elbows. The feet are broad, with flat hoofed toes like
that of a hippo. This suggests that Barylambda also lived in wetlands, an
ecology suggested by the surrounding rocks. The late Paleocene was part of the
Paleogene thermal maximum, when the earth was mostly a tropical rainforest with
huge lakes and rivers and swamps across the northern hemisphere.<br />
<br />
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The hind limbs are similar, albiet with smaller hind feet and shorts tibia
and fibula with a huge femur. What really is interesting is the huge pelvis; it
resembles that of a gorilla. The neck, head, and rear half suggest this animal
was rearing up frequently to feed. The limbs resemble that of Moropus and other
chalicotheres, and the body shape is similar to that of a giant sloth, albiet
with larger teeth and without claws. Indeed, the long, strong tail, so unique
in large mammals, way probably used to help the hind limbs as a sturdy tripod.<br />
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This body shape of Barylambda, chalicotheres, and ground sloths shows a
great deal of mammalian convergent evolution. The lifestyle is still found to
some extent today-bears have very different anatomy but eat vegetation in the
same way, and the folivorous gorilla has already been mentioned. Rear up, stick
your head into the foliage, and eat. Not being a ruminant, Barylamdba could
have only been a hindgut fermenter, using the size of its stomach to store huge
quantities of food to slowly digest.<br />
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Barylambda is found in the DeBeque formation of Colorado, in an age called
the Clarkforkian in North America. Barylamda appeared only 10 million years
after the extinction of the large dinosaurs, and B. faberi was already 400 lbs
and only getting heavier as time went on. Barylambda shared its habitat with
early representatives of extant animals- the lemurlike primates Chiromyoides
and Plesiadapis, the early rodent Franimys, small tusked ungulate Phenacodus
and rodentlike kin Haplomylus, Aletodon, Ectocion, and primitive carnivoran
Didymictis. It also shared its habitat with other extinct groups, like the
fellow Pantodonts the extremely similar Haplolambda, the tusked Titanoides and
the hippolike Coryphodon (which would replace Barylambda itself), fellow
Cimolestids like the bigtoothed burrowing Taeniodont Ectoganus, the rodentlike
Tillodont Esthonyx, and the squirrellike multituberculates (a group dating from
the Mesozoic) Ptilodus and Neoliotamus, the primitive insect-eating Lepticid
Prodiacodon, and the small arctocyonids (omnivorous bear-racoonlike mammals)
Mimotricentes, Chiracus, and Thryptacodon. The Pantodonts lived alongside their
larger replacements, the odd horned and tusked herbivore Uintatheres,
represented here by Probathyopsis. Predators incuded the crocodile Leidysuchus,
bearlike creodont Paleonictis, and doglike mesonychid Dissacus.<br />
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<div class="MsoNormal">
More blogs on Barylambda include <a href="https://www.fieldmuseum.org/science/blog/seeing-double-how-field-museum-makes-fossil-cast">https://www.fieldmuseum.org/science/blog/seeing-double-how-field-museum-makes-fossil-cast</a>s,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://tanystropheus.wordpress.com/2010/06/19/weekly-spotlight-barylambda/">https://tanystropheus.wordpress.com/2010/06/19/weekly-spotlight-barylambda/</a>,
<a href="http://spinops.blogspot.com/2016/01/barylambda-faberi.html">http://spinops.blogspot.com/2016/01/barylambda-faberi.html</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
John Conrad Hansen and Karen Carr have illustrated this
animal but only as accompaniment to the Field Museum’s mount. But thanks to
Barylambda’s appearance in Rudolph Zallinger’s Mural the Age of Mammals, it
made it into an obscure toy set by Lido sold in Nabisco cereal in the 50s.
However, otherwise it’s been invisible in popular media. The lack of pop
cultural representation of animals between the Cretaceous and Pleistocene has
pretty much frozen out Barylambda. In terms of mammal media, BBC’s Walking With
Beasts was a godsend, but it ignored North America completely and so Barylambda
missed its chance.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So anyway, Hollywood, give it a
break. Museums, keep it on display. Toy companies, here’s a new fresh face.
Authors, think about the crap you’re writing and how this genus could perk up
the place. And remember, shop Barylambda where you work or play!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-75478654053978161772016-11-15T19:27:00.000-08:002016-11-16T18:32:05.030-08:00Top Ten (and more!) discoveries since the last time the Cubs won the World Series <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As a Chicagoan, you can bet I was
quite proud of the Cubs winning the baseball World Series after 108 years. 108
years can be quite significant, especially in the 20<sup>th</sup> century’s
many, many, events. The 20<sup>th</sup> century has seen atrocities, wars,
tragedies, and hate, but it’s seen technological and social progress,
scientific revolutions, and discoveries about ourselves and our world.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7n0zD0OfwrTcYLtM4ntmKd511y9WsSK9rwyEMjwb-ZO5CCrJQYMub7VP7Wipt6J3YuPfsn8E2OIgAW_AIb9tR6zmPC6OFASOSdMxYFmVPpeepO9i70JzeEmIZQuGnU8PSFDi71oAiCIM/s1600/DSCN2349.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7n0zD0OfwrTcYLtM4ntmKd511y9WsSK9rwyEMjwb-ZO5CCrJQYMub7VP7Wipt6J3YuPfsn8E2OIgAW_AIb9tR6zmPC6OFASOSdMxYFmVPpeepO9i70JzeEmIZQuGnU8PSFDi71oAiCIM/s320/DSCN2349.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">One of the early discoveries of the 20<sup>th</sup>
century became significant much later, but is still significant today. In 1909,
Charles D Walcott of the Smithsonian Institution was already an established
Cambrian expert. For years all that was known from that period were jellyfish,
as if life would not flower until the Ordovician. There seemed to be no basal
forms of the rest of the Paleozoic marine life. It was in 1909 that Walcott,
prospecting in British Columbia, in Burgess Pass between Mt. Burgess and Mt.
Stephen, discovered odd invertebrate remains. The following year he brought his
family to help him collect. For the remaining 15 years of his life, he would
continually visit the site with whatever help he could find, gathering
thousands of fossils.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTSWv9H6dMX2SxA-8YuG4UH_tzRGn3_UjFmtHm_jkp_xY6BPK2ldhVLSb1qzIMjUd1FR6MireWV5-Y5GgcIuz2oj907Dnr928A9f9s50Bw7DoEX_RsWpBKSjtfQLLhRlmh3JXZgWFoeaM/s1600/Burgess500WEB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTSWv9H6dMX2SxA-8YuG4UH_tzRGn3_UjFmtHm_jkp_xY6BPK2ldhVLSb1qzIMjUd1FR6MireWV5-Y5GgcIuz2oj907Dnr928A9f9s50Bw7DoEX_RsWpBKSjtfQLLhRlmh3JXZgWFoeaM/s320/Burgess500WEB.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the 1960s, Canadian and American
scientists returned to the site, discovering more fossils, and realizing what
they had found. The Burgess shale contains the earliest known members of modern
groups-arthropods, echinoderms, chordates, mollusks, etc. These animals were
the first with specialized organs, hard bodies, and distinct ecological niches.
The largest were only a few feet long, but these animals showed a burst of
evolution that Stephen Jay Gould would call “punctuated equilibrium”.
Punctuated equilibrium is a caveat to Darwinian gradualism-when conditions
change quickly, so does natural selection and so does evolution itself. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFk_3TztAEAUWIkHePgh1wtfbuqcYbF1HQfgQ2tEHPn8UVKdYBeevozlfn7fYD1OOaecnW5bMUNq4vj0gy3eDRqO4LPc-PjAU_Wmu8oGQp42_pBBcrASjnlCZGtX5IaRJj97Bawio4T-4/s1600/Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFk_3TztAEAUWIkHePgh1wtfbuqcYbF1HQfgQ2tEHPn8UVKdYBeevozlfn7fYD1OOaecnW5bMUNq4vj0gy3eDRqO4LPc-PjAU_Wmu8oGQp42_pBBcrASjnlCZGtX5IaRJj97Bawio4T-4/s320/Australopithecus_africanus_-_Cast_of_taung_child.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The next discovery, in 1924, is
geologically much closer to present-by over 500 million years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Limestone quarries, emerging as part of South
Africa’s still-booming mineral industry, turned up a small primate skull with a
preserved brain cast. The company director, E. H. Izod, was given the skull by
his workers and he in turn gave it to son Pat, who in turn gave it to his
friend </span>Josephine Salmons, who in turn gave it to her teacher Raymond
Dart. </div>
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Dart realized it was transitional between humans and other
African apes, as it had features of both humans and extant apes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He called it Australopithecus africanus. However,
two things dismissed him-one was the human skull features are neotenies,
meaning that most primate infants look alike, especially like human infants. The
second was the racism in the scientific communities. European scientists
refused to believe that they were descendants of Africans, going as far as to
defend the already disputed Piltdown skull. For example, Henry Fairfield Osborn
argued that humans diverged from other apes very early on in Asia, and went as
far as to send an expedition to Mongolia to find human ancestors (his man in
the field, Roy Chapman Andrews, found everything BUT hominid remains)</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0zXivf3iv28JtvzAmvPWlFvhfvFwd95r2DrXvNZbb-vVgorMVx6ul8Mjg7jBqbaDaanp4UT0BCCH1gkFxv7sSEalBdJ2FdM8ucfzhmGX7DtWMvW2ZalNB4hKAlhMtnkpx0vsJgReinpU/s1600/MrsPles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0zXivf3iv28JtvzAmvPWlFvhfvFwd95r2DrXvNZbb-vVgorMVx6ul8Mjg7jBqbaDaanp4UT0BCCH1gkFxv7sSEalBdJ2FdM8ucfzhmGX7DtWMvW2ZalNB4hKAlhMtnkpx0vsJgReinpU/s320/MrsPles.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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One of Dart’s colleges, however, was Robert Broom. Despite
being a spiritualist he still was interested in evolution. He refused to accept
the mechanics of it, but worked hard on proto-mammals in South Africa and saw
them as distant ancestors of modern mammals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hoping to reignite his fading career, he followed Dart’s lead and
prospected in South Africa. There, in 1938 and 1947 he found two skulls which
he called Plesianthropus and Paranthropus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sir Wilfred Le Gros Clark, another British scientist who would later
debunk the Piltdown skull, examined Plesianthropus, and realized it was the
adult of Dart’s Australopithecus africanus. The old name is still remembered as
Broom’s students dubbed the specimen “Mrs. Ples”. </div>
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A third hominid fossil is notable in this discussion, this
one from Tanzania. In the early 1960s, Louis and Mary Leakey found primitive
human teeth, a jaw, and a partial skull, next to extremely crude tools. They
named it Homo habilis, the earliest species of human. The problem was that Tanzania
and South Africa were considered to be too distant from each other to connect
the South African Australopithecus and Paranthropus with the Leakey’s Homo
habilis and Zinjanthropus (later determined to be another species of
Paranthropus), and the East and South African schools of hominin paleontology
have been bitter rivals ever since. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgxf1xHcTrUXrF63j3Ykrh-PPOd8RqI2Ia2i8cbkAcx_o_ufCA8p6rPoaXncfr8pEXMEPRY-VA8KWwauDu35QDbUmpPcBGOMUM3k8me6V38NdMqm5K_YRRDR9ZAE6PzRfODywaQmKvrJ0/s1600/Lucy_blackbg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgxf1xHcTrUXrF63j3Ykrh-PPOd8RqI2Ia2i8cbkAcx_o_ufCA8p6rPoaXncfr8pEXMEPRY-VA8KWwauDu35QDbUmpPcBGOMUM3k8me6V38NdMqm5K_YRRDR9ZAE6PzRfODywaQmKvrJ0/s320/Lucy_blackbg.jpg" width="132" /></a></div>
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What was needed to solve this was either Homo habilis in
South Africa or an Australopithecus in East Africa. To this end, Mary Leakey
joined forces with Yves Coppens and Donald Johanson in 1971 to search the north
end of the Rift Valley in Ethiopia. Their success was mixed-limb bones and jaws
were uncovered, but nothing determinate. In 1974, however, Johanson and his
team discovered a single specimen-hundreds of fragments of a single skeleton.
It was crushed and took months to reassemble, but what they found was amazing.
All the previous hominin material was cranial-teeth and skulls and jaws. This
time, however, the head was found with a body, a body with a pelvis and femurs and
feet. All these pieces showed that this ape, named Lucy after the Beatles song,
was a biped. Walking upright evolved before the brain, contradicting Osborn one
last time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hominin fossils are fragile, meaning
they’re rare. Of course, tell a paleoentomologist that and they’ll laugh at
your face. Insects, being tiny and fragile, seldom ever fossilize. The good
part of that is that when they do fossilize, said fossils are incredibly
detailed and preserved. In this case, it came from the urbanization of Scotland.
In 1910, a beautifully complete fauna of Devonian land planets was discovered
near Rhyne, in what’s called the Rhynie Chert. In addition to these first land
plants, are the oldest known insects.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibl2XeeUlJzaFGtyTCB-LVcEOSUpqLMmFJi18991Pp4YKiF8nUyK9Vkggjjpq1lBFNHex6PJe-VYbvQcEWH3zClKXPEW0ET-2hWFQ4pyy2dxGi9auKZ7OMaOaWIjl8i33UYRN0NIq5ep0/s1600/20110826281706801.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibl2XeeUlJzaFGtyTCB-LVcEOSUpqLMmFJi18991Pp4YKiF8nUyK9Vkggjjpq1lBFNHex6PJe-VYbvQcEWH3zClKXPEW0ET-2hWFQ4pyy2dxGi9auKZ7OMaOaWIjl8i33UYRN0NIq5ep0/s320/20110826281706801.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Insects today rule almost every
ecological niche, making up most of earth’s biomass. Where did they start? With
the first land plants, animals spread from the water to breathe this new oxygen
and feed on the plants. So, it follows that with these first land plants come
the first land herbivores. In this case, it’s the tiny insect Rhyniognatha,
identified in 1928. Slightly younger is the springtail Rhyniella, found in the
same year. These insects are only about a millimeter long, but already adapted
for eating decaying plant matter, being predigested by cellular rot. These tiny
animals are the ancestors to herbivorous insects armed with sophisticated jaws
and digestive systems that can break down almost all natural fibers, and the
deadly predators that prey on them. With the first land herbivores, carnivores
in turn evolve to take advantage of this new food source, and this will
continue through present day. Long after our own species falls extinct,
herbivorous insects will continue to chew their way through time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Following the early insects were the
first tetrapods. By 1908 lobe finned fish like Eusthenopteron and amphibians
like Philoderpeton and Dendrepeton seemed to be the links to life on land.
However, for decades there was a missing link in this intuitive
fish-to-amphibian transition, no aquatic amphibian that was “fishy” enough. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the lull between the World Wars,
before Europe fell under the feet of dictators, the Scandinavian countries
explored Danish-held Greenland. In 1931, the Danish explorer and scientist
Lauge Koch led a pan-Scandinavian expedition to Greenland. Among the scientists
was paleontologist </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gunnar Säve-Söderbergh,
who recovered amphibian bones from the eastern region of the island. Said bones
were a half- complete skeleton of the oldest amphibian.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAYFhLAoNsnNtA7i-tTGFDOQBAsPcV93jbmnOQhdf0I1lXtOa7uxLZzZfe4FXWLo6HZPaku8C1AezaH4o7kMJZybi2JdFb6m3VoX766qD8lUsq88WHOfLa8qaNCAo0VP4YOie3P36IFFM/s1600/IchthyostegaAcanthostega.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAYFhLAoNsnNtA7i-tTGFDOQBAsPcV93jbmnOQhdf0I1lXtOa7uxLZzZfe4FXWLo6HZPaku8C1AezaH4o7kMJZybi2JdFb6m3VoX766qD8lUsq88WHOfLa8qaNCAo0VP4YOie3P36IFFM/s320/IchthyostegaAcanthostega.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Säve-Söderbergh
dubbed the animal Icthyostega. The ribs, chest, and hips were strong enough to
support the animal on land, and the skull resembled other amphibians, but the
skull also contained gills, the feet were seven-toed paddles and the tail was
tall and long for swimming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Säve-Söderbergh
identified four different species, but all were hailed as the greatest link
between fish and amphibians.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In the next 20
years, two more of these “fishapods” were found in Devonian rocks of Northern
Europe-the fishlike amphibian Acanthostega (far more aquatically adapted than
Icthyostega) and Pandericthys (a lobe finned fish with a head just like that of
an amphibian). But it would take until the 21<sup>st</sup> century for the greatest
of these missing links to be found. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf2V3E_GnosxQvp5QgaB_WsmeaGVHnmoJ4cKEBbnPT3RX_ApUUKCIQQ50OClnkOW3hgWAd7_HFXY7mWdOsbQIJNd6lrIg93CccdJAf8-d3NJi8Jprp9zMyS6_rdakuz2RP4ry87G28CB4/s1600/Tiktaalik_Chicago.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf2V3E_GnosxQvp5QgaB_WsmeaGVHnmoJ4cKEBbnPT3RX_ApUUKCIQQ50OClnkOW3hgWAd7_HFXY7mWdOsbQIJNd6lrIg93CccdJAf8-d3NJi8Jprp9zMyS6_rdakuz2RP4ry87G28CB4/s320/Tiktaalik_Chicago.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">An expedition to
Ellesmere Island, Nunavut in 2004 revealed an extraordinary fossil. Like the
previous finds, it was only half complete, but enough was found (and the rest
of the skeleton later) to establish a transition between amphibians and fish.
Ted Daeschler of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Neil Shubin
of the University of Chicago, and the late great Farish Jenkins of Harvard
University discovered and described this new species, dubbing it Tiktaalik. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tiktaalik has an
amazing mixture of traits from both fish and amphibians, barely qualifying as a
fish instead of a tetrapod. While having fish scales, gills, and fins, it also
had Icthyostega’s strong ribs, necks, pectoral girdle and lungs. The limb
joints and ears fit in between fish and amphibian forms, qualifying it as the
transitional fossil. Extinct amphibians are often fishlike, and extinct lobefin
fish had strong muscular fins like limbs, but this specimen has the perfect mix
of characteristics, and in such a way that it makes complete biological sense.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Another first would
be one of the first mammals. Protomammals had been known for a while, but
Mesozoic mammals were poorly known, especially those from the brief but
dramatic Triassic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>German paleontology
had reached a dramatic stop in the 1930s and 40s as evolution was forced to
apply to a nationalistic purpose when it was even discussed. The Origin of
Species was considered atheist and therefore communist by Hitler and his
departments-evolution undermined German claims to be masters of the earth. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Almost all the finest scientists in Germany
fled for their lives, including Walter Georg </span>Kühne.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the story goes, he walked into Cambridge
in 1939, and went directly to the office of the great Francis Rex Parrington,
an expert on the early archosaurs and synapsids of British Africa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kühne gave Parrington a carefully wrapped jaw
of an animal transitional between mammals and their ancestors and said “I know
where to discover early mammals”.</div>
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With Parrington, Kühne investigated the origin of mammals.
With travel limited, Kühne decided to prospect the Vale of Glamorgan, a known
Triassic site on British soil. It took him until 1949 to find what he was
looking for, but what he found was amazing. The animal was small, only 4 inches
long, and had to be studied under a microscope. However, it was huge in terms
of significance-a mammal that was more primitive than a Platypus. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihZTwiSSx-I8_hVCUo3UAaAW4xXK2nvGPhuKQqmGqohlr15soKq9BuPf7u5dUxnRnsI5I2rgot7pU6rl_lHZsjdO3L0aved3X-pnVwKiPKJXHxEuaw-l8ZadqVlGFZsYQH6uYfx2FGfzQ/s1600/tumblr_lwessjH76R1r4zy85o1_540.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihZTwiSSx-I8_hVCUo3UAaAW4xXK2nvGPhuKQqmGqohlr15soKq9BuPf7u5dUxnRnsI5I2rgot7pU6rl_lHZsjdO3L0aved3X-pnVwKiPKJXHxEuaw-l8ZadqVlGFZsYQH6uYfx2FGfzQ/s320/tumblr_lwessjH76R1r4zy85o1_540.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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This creature, Morganucodon was unique. The teeth are
deciduous like those of mammals, but only two types of teeth existed rather
than the standard mammalian three. The jaw had the same shape as a mammal with
great mechanical strength, but the ear bones were still attached to the jaw.
Most significantly, the jaw was double articulated-with two joints, one in the
reptilian fashion and another high one like that of a mammal. The jaw is the
exact middle between the mammal shape and the reptile shape, a key feature of
the transition. </div>
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Between these two milestones are the first reptiles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The great British geologist Sir Charles Lyell
and his protégé John W Dawson discovered Hylonomus in Nova Scotia, an ancient,
primitive reptile. However, there remained the question of transitional animals
between amphibians and reptiles. Animals like Limnoscelis, Seymouria and
Diadectes had reptile-like anatomy, but coexisted with amniotes. This meant
that the first amniotes came earlier in the Carboniferous. </div>
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One of the greatest sites of Carboniferous life is the East
Kirkton Quarry in West Lothian Scotland. Ancient amphibians had been found
there since the 1840s, before Darwin put his ideas down on paper. It took until
1984, however, that the quarry revealed an amazing find. Fossil collector Stan
Wood discovered this 6-inch animal, and named it 'Lizzy the Lizard’. It
remained in the private collection until 1990, when Tim R Smithson of Cambridge
College and William D Rolfe of the National Museum of Scotland analyzed it and
gave it the name Westlothiana. </div>
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Lizzie’s head and body resembled that of other ancient
amphibians like Icthyostega, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>but it had
reptilian ankles and skull morphology. It’s still considered a temnospondyl
amphibian, but only just. The long body and short limbs suggest a life for
burrowing or swimming rather than climbing or fast movement on the floor.</div>
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The Museum of Scotland received another fossil in 1992
collected in Cheese Bay, this skeleton with reptilelike claws but lacking a
skull. This animal, Casineria, also examined by Smithson, resembles
Westlothiana albeit with much longer limbs and digits, suggesting a
tree-climbing lifestyle instead of a burrower or swimmer like Lizzie.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Together, these tiny Scottish animals
represent a point in time when animals can finally be born outside of water and
conquer the land.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When it comes to firsts, macroscopic
life in general has a first, or at least an oldest. In earth’s 4.5 billion
years of existence, there are two eons: the eon of large life or Phanerozoic,
and the longer Precambrian eon. For 4 billion years, life was small when it
even did exist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Burgess fauna showed
a clear transition to the Cambrian-there were no Precambrian animals, and life
exploded rather swiftly. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Or so it was thought in 1958. It was
in 1958, in the ancient crags of Charnwood in Leiscestershire, England, what
looks like a fossilized leaf was discovered. A teenage girl, Tina Negus, first
discovered them, but when she told her teacher, the possibility of a
Precambrian animal was dismissed. It was only that Roger Mason, a teenage boy
later to become a geology professor in China, took this fossil to Trevor Ford
of the University of Leicester, that the fossil was revealed. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shocking facts came in-first, that it was an
animal, not a plant. It was Precambrian, not Cambrian, and it was a deep water
organism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ford dubbed it Charnia.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-52A6-3vIAXFbUoFa6WLwu-Zf4d1VDIyrgYJQCYA78BZV_4pYDkt2Ohyei2cTupN3CgKy-agWgncJuWm3VPbaNI9Ihs-c32eqU8zJx4uJ4kv4x18Irl1GLp3uPY4Yl2x5kDN58C0x0Z4/s1600/Charnia_Spun.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-52A6-3vIAXFbUoFa6WLwu-Zf4d1VDIyrgYJQCYA78BZV_4pYDkt2Ohyei2cTupN3CgKy-agWgncJuWm3VPbaNI9Ihs-c32eqU8zJx4uJ4kv4x18Irl1GLp3uPY4Yl2x5kDN58C0x0Z4/s320/Charnia_Spun.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What kind of animal it was is still
hotly debated. Ford thought it was algae before realizing it was an animal.
Glaessner in turn suggested a sea pen before 2000’s studies showed it to be an
animal of an unknown order. These animals were also found in the Edicaran
Hills; as before, Elkanah Billings’ proposal of Precambrian life was dismissed
until 1959.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Austrian scientist (who
narrowly escaped the Holocaust) Martin Glaessnar put two and two together in
1959 and the Edicara fauna of jellyfish, sponges, and Charnia and its kin
emerged as life before the Burgess shale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Charnia is not really a transitional
form, having no real ties to extant life, being more a colonial organism
without bilateral symmetry. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our next big
find was a sophisticated animal, but with a similar paleontological history.
When the legendary Barnum Brown, the discoverer of Tyrannosaurus, discovered
the successful ornithopod Tenontosaurus in Montana’s Cloverly Formation, he
also discovered a small theropod dinosaur. However, he could not publish a
paper on the limestone-encased specimen, as it was too hard to extract without
damaging the fragile fossil. He simply called it Daptosaurus and hoped to
uncover it later, but it was lost in the collections as Barnum was too
preoccupied with other fossils. He did also find a small headless theropod
associated with large teeth on the expedition, calling it Megadontosaurus. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In 1964, a year after Brown died, the
late great John Ostrom of the Yale Peabody Museum went to a nearby site in
Montana. He found more Tenontosaurus and theropod teeth, and was packing up to
go when he noticed a fossil nearby. Digging with his fingers , he managed to
scrape out a large talon. He decided to take the rest of the block with him and
return the next year. Over the next two years, he returned again and again to
the site, finding thousands of fossil bones of anything from three to fifty
individuals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ_0NpOYyLbOtGGxAcvyuos8HhgNcpqEeEQ7jy0qQPZVu1kOWLz-K43J7LGV6D4zCALmyrsBwsRiWWdEJIKb19HC1Tk98xwXqZfJCRSgmp5TF6mDhIl6pcSie6YdY0FOMBp6WbKjNfQ8s/s1600/Deinonychus-standing-Great+Hall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ_0NpOYyLbOtGGxAcvyuos8HhgNcpqEeEQ7jy0qQPZVu1kOWLz-K43J7LGV6D4zCALmyrsBwsRiWWdEJIKb19HC1Tk98xwXqZfJCRSgmp5TF6mDhIl6pcSie6YdY0FOMBp6WbKjNfQ8s/s320/Deinonychus-standing-Great+Hall.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ostrom, armed with this wealth of
fossils, finally reconstructed the animal-a lightly build, agile predator armed
with long claws. The shape of the body was unlike any other theropod-despite
the powerful claws and jaws that fit traditional theropod morphology, it was
slender, nimble and extremely birdlike. The forelimbs, though armed with giant
claws, had the exact same shape as a bird’s hand and wrist. The hips had the
pubis pointing backward. The inner toe of each foot was tipped with a huge
sickle-shaped claw, which Ostrom identified as a powerful weapon for carving
into flesh. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The eyes were huge and
equipped with sclerotic rings to aid vision. This animal was shaped for
leaping, kicking, and fast movement. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This was unlike any dinosaur
discovered before. In Ostrom’s own Peabody Museum at Yale University, the
dinosaur hall of Marsh’s discoveries was accompanied by a giant mural from 1947
by Rudolph Zallinger, showing dinosaurs in mostly static poses living sedate,
reptilian lives. Ostrom’s student Robert Bakker saw the contrast between the
mural and the new dinosaur, and began to dig not only for fossils, but through
the papers of Marsh and Cope themselves. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ostrom and his student Bakker began
the Dinosaur Renaissance, when the scientific community realized that dinosaurs
were far more akin to birds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While
Thomas Henry Huxley certainly proposed it a century earlier, an idea that both
Charles Darwin and Richard Owen agreed on (although they argued over the
implication of this-Darwin and Huxley saw a direct link, while Owen instead saw
it as evidence that dinosaurs, birds, and modern reptiles were all distant kin
of each other), the ancestry of birds from dinosaurs was now in debate
again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dinosaurs entered the popular
consciousness once again, culminating in the hit book Jurassic Park by the late
Michael Crichton and the incredible film adaptation of it by Stephen Spielberg.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGmOOHaA9hZFfDRX3Q2F0I6NrtJ_ITzyn3C6kUa3q3XBWW7Vv6jJrJCBRiNwG26o8GTPEj_qRN-hNopCH1EoxVCPVHoUOWIlyKatwD2nDjDKhEd5tYmkUp5GqRzuzOHiNSjMFJSoCQCBs/s1600/Microraptor_gui_holotype.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGmOOHaA9hZFfDRX3Q2F0I6NrtJ_ITzyn3C6kUa3q3XBWW7Vv6jJrJCBRiNwG26o8GTPEj_qRN-hNopCH1EoxVCPVHoUOWIlyKatwD2nDjDKhEd5tYmkUp5GqRzuzOHiNSjMFJSoCQCBs/s320/Microraptor_gui_holotype.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The link was secured by the 2000’s
amazing discovery of Deinonychus’ tiny, winged relative Microraptor from
Liaoning. The great paleontology Xu Xing described it as an animal that lived
in the trees, gliding from tree to tree in search of small prey. In the same
site, other dromaeosaurs and other dinosaurs were found with perfectly
preserved feathers and quills. Even a relative of Tyrannosaurus rex itself was
found covered in feathers. It was finally confirmed: birds are a lineage of
dinosaurs. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Another paleontological mystery for
most of paleontological history was the origin of ichthyosaurs. When first
discovered by Mary Anning and her brother Joseph in the early 19<sup>th</sup>
century, these fishlike animals seemed perfectly adapted for marine life. There
were no vestiges other than general reptilian anatomy to suggest the ancestry
of the ichthyosaurs. They seemed to have just popped out of nowhere to conquer
the Mesozoic seas. Owen even used them as proof of a special creation event in
earth’s prehistory. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This changed in 1978, when the great
Japanese scientist Tokio Shikama discovered a small, primitive ichthyosaur in
Miyagi prefecture. It had a small skull and broad tail, unlike its dolphinlike
successors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shikama named it after the
nearby town of Utatsu, but died before he could examine it in depth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was only in 1998 that, armed with imaging
software, a team led by Ryosuke Motani took a close look.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPhoiLV_lOpE9cgs9lcW2WT8JxsDlBXYfdpP0PVHIk3steSsn0pE2oCHUydd15TFO3fAWkPpMf3gbMILL-xofW_puAqRpgHPMDjV9KMn-8pdS1OZ_61l2asIM88sTkm2jFLKTXEfJlCz4/s1600/utatsusaurus588.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPhoiLV_lOpE9cgs9lcW2WT8JxsDlBXYfdpP0PVHIk3steSsn0pE2oCHUydd15TFO3fAWkPpMf3gbMILL-xofW_puAqRpgHPMDjV9KMn-8pdS1OZ_61l2asIM88sTkm2jFLKTXEfJlCz4/s320/utatsusaurus588.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The teeth are small and slightly blunted, it
turned out, and the humerus and femur were of equal length. In terrestrial
reptiles, the femur is longer, and in ichthyosaurs the humerus is longer. The
pelvic girdle was still attached to the spine, but not strong enough to support
the weight of the animal on land. Finally, the morphology was compared overall
to other reptiles, and phylogenic analyses were applied. The conclusion:
ichthyosaurs fit in diapsids, like most Triassic reptiles including dinosaurs,
crocodiles, and lizards. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy8_doLaF4UpyO8IJ5IlfZYX0I_RJMxlzovhPnTUCCt8BQYfiIctpWEIzXZMLoWtXkbLFwo4nXZSTxFS6UcNUnSXu989u0gr3u2UeRIHDZDsBmwX_Zh89rkvZhoEg8DW-_JCqDIMjCjXo/s1600/image_2257_1e-Cartorhynchus-lenticarpus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy8_doLaF4UpyO8IJ5IlfZYX0I_RJMxlzovhPnTUCCt8BQYfiIctpWEIzXZMLoWtXkbLFwo4nXZSTxFS6UcNUnSXu989u0gr3u2UeRIHDZDsBmwX_Zh89rkvZhoEg8DW-_JCqDIMjCjXo/s320/image_2257_1e-Cartorhynchus-lenticarpus.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Since then, Utatsaurus has been joined
by even more basal and primitive ichthyosaurs-the short snouted </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Sclerocormus
from Anhui, China, the mysterious Omphalosaurus from Spitzbergen Norway, the
small-beaked oddball Parvinatator from British Colombia, and, most important of
all the tiny, amphibious Cartorhynchus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This foot-long animal had strong flexible wrists and a short generalized
skull, the long-sought after missing link to Icthyosaurs and their terrestrial
ancestors.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Speaking of aquatic animals, our next
big find is about an evolutionary step even Charles Darwin was stumped about.
Since the days of Aristotle people had known about whales being mammals (to the
confusion and argument of many Christian and Muslim scholars in the middle
ages), but how mammals came to live in the sea was still confusing. All Darwin
could offer was some wild speculation about amphibious animals like bears, but
it was half-hearted and he deleted it from later editions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sir Richard Owen himself described an
early whale, Basilosaurus, a giant from Egypt and Southeast USA. Basilosaurus
had hind limbs, but said limbs were not a connection to any particular mammal.
Ungulates, carnivorans, elephants, etc were all speculated to be the relations,
but there were no transitional fossils for a century. The animal was fully
aquatic, and while unlike any living whale, it was still strictly a whale. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-L9VP6a-xA-rzLXmnO5kntvYOrOe0LpXz1R-TYGlPz9SBG-cA5e1MWsSCxRi_m-dBGRTXj7Rk8U2SIuqXNYVyE1Xat2rWs6ORCXvWkoOkiWNp3l4vkladSlJZR_BvY6UObd_sQ2JLOvs/s1600/556094_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-L9VP6a-xA-rzLXmnO5kntvYOrOe0LpXz1R-TYGlPz9SBG-cA5e1MWsSCxRi_m-dBGRTXj7Rk8U2SIuqXNYVyE1Xat2rWs6ORCXvWkoOkiWNp3l4vkladSlJZR_BvY6UObd_sQ2JLOvs/s320/556094_orig.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The mudstones of Pakistan were only
rarely prospected for fossils, but in 1981 they yielded an amazing find. The great
mammal paleontologist Daniel E Russell of the </span>Institut de Paleontologie
and Phillip D Gingerich from the University of Michigan discovered a strange
transitional mammal. The legs were long, heavy, and strong, tipped with long,
wide-spread fingers and toes. The neck is short but flexible. The tail is long
and strong but unspecialized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oddest of
all is the skull: while it has three distinct tooth shapes like a land animal
and has its nostrils at the tip of its snout, the skull is smooth, long, and
large, the eyes point upwards, and the auditory bulla is identical to that of a
whale.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This animal had adaptations both for
hunting on water and land-the front teeth are long and pointed for catching
fish, but the back teeth are broader for cutting through meat. It could hear
prey through both air and water. The limbs and tail were shaped like that of an
otter or a capybara or beaver-this animal could movie efficiently through both
land and water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the salt marshes of
Eocene Pakistan, Pakicetus could easily switch between terrestrial and aquatic
prey. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN-URUJfUdcxuyJ77QkOC9LL-y477fyHlydrGISf0vKdECI2RD1U4CzdzkkpkcVZfokec6JkVIrS-dIPr-x-OoGfgKg0z0hBoZztrJvd7c19jJKi1Mc9p_HhaPb8dxgyqhikZNLRYbpbo/s1600/Ambulocetus2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN-URUJfUdcxuyJ77QkOC9LL-y477fyHlydrGISf0vKdECI2RD1U4CzdzkkpkcVZfokec6JkVIrS-dIPr-x-OoGfgKg0z0hBoZztrJvd7c19jJKi1Mc9p_HhaPb8dxgyqhikZNLRYbpbo/s320/Ambulocetus2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The link was strengthened in 1994 when
Gingerich’s student </span>Johannes G.M. Thewissen and Pakistani Paleontologist
Sayed Taseer Hussain found the complete skeleton of an aquatic successor to
Pakicetus. This animal was more specialized than Pakicetus but still had traces
of terrestrial ancestry. It retained the long hindlimbs and digits of
Pakicetus, but the forelimbs were shortened. The tail is shorter but
well-muscled; this animal swam with vertical undulation like an otter. </div>
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The skull was different-it was longer than Pakicetus’, with
the eyes moved sideways to give a sweeping point of view, the teeth are all the same shape and size-long and sharp and
strong, acting like spears to capture fish and larger prey. Both the head and
body are larger, suggesting than it was eating larger prey both in the water
and on land. It might have hunting like a crocodile-ambushing reptiles, fish
and land animals in quick bursts and dispatching them with its powerful jaws.
The limbs could still support its weight, but only barely. This animal spent
very little time on land, unlike Pakicetus. </div>
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Thewissen also recently found an animal that brackets
Pakicetus on the other side, an animal that was barely aquatic but ancestral
nonetheless to whales. In 1971, A. Ranga Rao of India collected many
interesting fossils, but died before he could examine them. For 35 his widow
held on to the bones, forgotten by paleontology until 2007. Then, <cite><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Thewissen and his colleges Baipai and Sahni
finally discovered these bones and began to work on them. They found out that
they were of a new animal ancestral to Pakicetus itself.</span></cite></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV4_CFWmcWwoCcK2NkZIBIjSEsULn3M250zqDpQhGHlUnNbq8FT5603MeXHENilGMK8Zid6nv6fQa2mgdRYKe119QsbMQxilvX6zohxcgghMf-scdAv2wElpzsXdwVxh-0zVJbSsGakyY/s1600/indohyus_h.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV4_CFWmcWwoCcK2NkZIBIjSEsULn3M250zqDpQhGHlUnNbq8FT5603MeXHENilGMK8Zid6nv6fQa2mgdRYKe119QsbMQxilvX6zohxcgghMf-scdAv2wElpzsXdwVxh-0zVJbSsGakyY/s320/indohyus_h.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This animal, best resembling a cross
between a small deer and a pig, with a long tail, is called Indohyus. While
small and having a terrestrial physiology, it connects with Pakicetus in two
significant ways. First, the ear is shaped exactly like that of Pakicetus and
whales, indicating that it spent time underwater. Secondly, like Pakicetus and
other amphibious animals, it had solid or osteosclerotic bones to reduce
buoyancy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Other scientist saw a clear
connection with the water chevrotain, a nocturnal primitive ungulate living in
central Africa. These solitary, tusked animals have very similar skeletons to
Indohyus, adapted for plowing through thick bush and swimming through
water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike Pakicetus and like the
water chevrotain, the teeth and jaws indicate it was a herbivore.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It was Indohyus, along with DNA
analysis, that revealed that the ancestors of whales were distant relatives of
hippos and pigs, basal aritodactyls. Something pressured some of these
herbivores and omnivores to an aquatic lifestyle in the tropical Eocene, and
within 15 million years they evolved into the mighty whales like Basilosaurus.
The evolutionary puzzle, the ancestry of whales, is finally solved.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Our final fossil I remember being in
the news from 1993, back when dinosaur paleontology was experiencing a
renaissance. In this case, Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago and </span>Ricardo
Martínez of the University of San Juan<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> were the
protagonists. The join university expedition was prospecting in the rich fossil
biome of </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ischigualasto in San
Juan Argentina, and discovered a tiny dinosaur that seemed to enter a new
chapter in paleontology. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6__SNdQjTiE2z9NlXc1Uf9YDGR9vQHWiXy1FhLVemjb3y7TIrFSon8miIRThOKkoghb_DlFKtoTZ0ydIAiEdp64dnNGEGO-hBH5CYlkBBxrD6Fi9mGrcTsXY9YXN7j3jKMlOhwkpprLw/s1600/eoraptor-final.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6__SNdQjTiE2z9NlXc1Uf9YDGR9vQHWiXy1FhLVemjb3y7TIrFSon8miIRThOKkoghb_DlFKtoTZ0ydIAiEdp64dnNGEGO-hBH5CYlkBBxrD6Fi9mGrcTsXY9YXN7j3jKMlOhwkpprLw/s320/eoraptor-final.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Only about 20 lbs and 3 feet long,
this dinosaur had more primitive traits than any other. However, it already had
the key dinosaur adaptation of long, erect limbs for fast running.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It had three vertebrae attached to the pelvis,
unlike other dinosaurs with had two. It had five fingers on each hand, but two
of them were tiny and vestigial.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most
importantly, it had heterodont teeth-it had both leaf shaped teeth like that of
basal sauropomorphs like Anchisaurus, and serrated recurved teeth like basal
theropods like Coelophysis. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It's this mixture of features that
have made paleontologists argue whether it is a basal theropod or a basal
sauropodomorph.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This mixup confirms an
old classification by Harry Seeley in 1888; Seeley divided dinosaurs into two
divisions based on the shape of their hips. In one group were the beaked
dinosaurs with birdlike hips: stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, ceratopsians,
pachycephalosaurs, and ornithopods. In the other were the giant sauropods and
the carnivorous theropods in a collective group called the Saurichians or
lizard-hips.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What Eoraptor did was
finally present a common ancestral morphology to both lines. Eoraptor and its
kin were omnivores, with teeth that could be used for either eating plants or
meat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the Triassic went on, these dinosaurs
split into plant eating sauropods and prosauropods, and meat eating theropods
who would only re-evolve herbivory at the end of the Jurassic.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eoraptor is the link between the robin and the
brontosaur. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What will we discover in the next 108
years? Who knows. There are many questions left unanswered by the fossil
record, many lineages with tiny gaps, many fossils yet to be discovered.
Evolution is full of surprises even in living animals, and extinct animals
spanning millions of years of evolution show an amazing variety of lineages and
body shapes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>New amazing fossils are
found even today. I’m sure we’ll find plenty of scientific gold by the next
time the Cubs win the next World Series.</span></div>
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David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-40875724966420922842016-10-31T05:55:00.000-07:002016-10-31T05:55:42.603-07:00Ancient enemies: man-killers of prehistory<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Happy Halloween, readers! The human psyche is full of fear.
A lot of fear comes from our vivid imaginations-horror is full of hypothetical
situations based on pure fantasy, but on premises that date to real situations
and concepts. Murder, disaster, accident, disease-people die from horrific
causes. Most monsters are humanoid-people are the leading cause of human
deaths. Many of our fears come from animals. Bats are alien-looking, rats carry
disease, and arthropods are alien-looking and often dangerous. </div>
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Then there’s the fears dating from actual experiences.
History is replete with examples of people by accident or malice coming into
conflict with animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>People have been
killed by our own domesticated animals: dogs can be taught to be brutal
attackers, and angry cattle, horses, and pigs are more than a match for an
unarmed human.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Then there’s people being killed by wild animals; every day
an unlucky person runs into a dangerous animal, are perceived as predator or
prey, and dispatched by deadly natural weapons honed by generations of natural
selection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Without technology, a human
being is pathetic. We’re bigger than most animals, but the largest predators
dwarf us. Our resistance against venom and chemical weapons is just our size
alone. Our natural weapons are pathetic: we can barely outrun an elephant on a
good day, our strength is feeble, our teeth are small, and our fingers and toes
are tipped with sensitive pads instead of hooves or claws. We have no armor or
horns or quills, we can’t fly, and are only efficient swimmers with a great
deal of effort. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh32MqGreHGYYuRyrLVrtBiMe14u98C6aokb1LEaFw3JZPw1KCo9K43eni3UDN2Vx5FeCRvWafRTiLNqv2iCSuE7NIaGj3z7KmSNqKfre5yo-1ASF03U0R84i5_wBPaoxf82R93oSMaHd4/s1600/7a7ba069bc2bbbbdfcbbd7838c58c325.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh32MqGreHGYYuRyrLVrtBiMe14u98C6aokb1LEaFw3JZPw1KCo9K43eni3UDN2Vx5FeCRvWafRTiLNqv2iCSuE7NIaGj3z7KmSNqKfre5yo-1ASF03U0R84i5_wBPaoxf82R93oSMaHd4/s320/7a7ba069bc2bbbbdfcbbd7838c58c325.jpg" width="231" /></a></div>
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Now imagine humans without our technology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No guns, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>not even a spear. We were prey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An enemy could come at any direction, and
kill us without a fight. At night, we were blind without fire, at the mercy of
nocturnal predators. You could wake up at any morning and you could find a
member of your family vanished. In the day, you’d be looking at the grass
nervously. Every time you tried to eat or drink you would have to keep your
eyes moving and eating as quickly as possible. If you scavenged from a kill,
you could easily find yourself the neighboring carcass.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These are the animals we feared. Welcome to
my nightmare, my friends; I think you’re going to like it. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5CbnsjFKj9ZxCgAyJRMXVC08H-JD31PMXK1vlh74D6N03cuNrWBI9-IaDQlSTAKpbLrncawmXBa0V7HFjMxQs-uzivEMwnqWoElAvs9ZDbw0FoWOjbhreIgiY562ArBkr6g1BCIWDxVw/s1600/c32108c93b9cd26e9b3faff718a3fce2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5CbnsjFKj9ZxCgAyJRMXVC08H-JD31PMXK1vlh74D6N03cuNrWBI9-IaDQlSTAKpbLrncawmXBa0V7HFjMxQs-uzivEMwnqWoElAvs9ZDbw0FoWOjbhreIgiY562ArBkr6g1BCIWDxVw/s320/c32108c93b9cd26e9b3faff718a3fce2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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One of the greatest hominin fossils ever found was of
Australopithecus africanus, found in Taung, South Africa. In 1924 Raymond Dart
found what he first thought was a monkey skull (he was the only scientist of
his time to think it could be a human ancestor, as the racist paradigm of the
day refused to consider an African ancestry). Further finds proved, however,
that it was a 3-year-old child of a plains ape, one confirmed by Leakey and
Johannson to be an upright walking ape that was the closest to our own
species., possibly even a direct ancestor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The child was an amazing find as the skull was attached to a fossilized
brain, a proportionally large brain (leading to the mistaken assumption that Australopithecus
had a larger brain than other apes, but that turned out to be debunked later).
The face was scratched and scarred, and many assumed it was a leopard that
killed the baby (a reasonable assumption)</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-rUWSS4eJFfEWQj3DGXH9inVriv8dE_jy7HeT9XZ0BKcwt90Crq-xb5zzifr6DvQiztALpoEkIcxkwtyO8llB2tlytkb6ORaF_SFplLUeBnnjyShlWBXPs5XGyjOHRCVmUu13iWh3iIY/s1600/wn_a2middle_0113%257E1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-rUWSS4eJFfEWQj3DGXH9inVriv8dE_jy7HeT9XZ0BKcwt90Crq-xb5zzifr6DvQiztALpoEkIcxkwtyO8llB2tlytkb6ORaF_SFplLUeBnnjyShlWBXPs5XGyjOHRCVmUu13iWh3iIY/s320/wn_a2middle_0113%257E1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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It was in 2006 that Dr.s Lee Berger and Ron Clarke, experts
in South African paleontology, realized who killed the child. The specimen was
amongst the remains of other small animals, all partially dissembled. The marks
on the face were compared to modern primates killed by predators, and the best
fit was the Crowned Eagle.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv5jGIdxYBpxdXvIuxPfE56xfqBs8sT-6mcJJPLPdAvllYMO5aZ7sXuRc_6qO-4vx3OCiqr9YhJkQnTsl3QmH04GtF8v6mG-fHZKymGYYFzhNV5c4ju99grNgU0gT_PV9CwxNSdsuBIUg/s1600/Animals-Attack-Best-Eagle-Attacks-Worlds-Largest-Deadliest-Golden-Bald-and-Haasts-Eagles-800x416.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv5jGIdxYBpxdXvIuxPfE56xfqBs8sT-6mcJJPLPdAvllYMO5aZ7sXuRc_6qO-4vx3OCiqr9YhJkQnTsl3QmH04GtF8v6mG-fHZKymGYYFzhNV5c4ju99grNgU0gT_PV9CwxNSdsuBIUg/s320/Animals-Attack-Best-Eagle-Attacks-Worlds-Largest-Deadliest-Golden-Bald-and-Haasts-Eagles-800x416.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Crowned Eagle is among the largest African raptors, with
the females having known to have 6 foot wingspans and weight 10 lbs, armed with
3 inch (or even larger) talons on muscular feet. They drop from the trees on
nearby prey, crushing them in their talons as they pin the prey to the ground.
They hunt prey as large as 70 lb bushbuck, breaking their backs and skulls with
their talons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Verreaux’s eagle is
larger, but is a hyrax specialist. The Martial Eagle is the largest raptor of
Africa, hunting much of the same prey, and cannot be excluded as a possible
culprit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both eagles have been hunted
by the peoples of Africa for killing goats, sheep, and even their
children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No doubt the plains apes of
Africa, humans and our ancestors and kin, were on their menu. Even adults would
be vulnerable to attack by these deadly raptors.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSklHmKIc972a0rbVXeHUGxWn25A3YXhbNm7tyuMsbJ5Zq1XMehXudN680Sgk9crpMXvZWLNHzu4b3nBqmo1q20CayDBt6mu-rBpKm8zd_vVJNK26wvTT5InzAuHQj2l2bzhX8F8qc1u8/s1600/maxresdefault.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSklHmKIc972a0rbVXeHUGxWn25A3YXhbNm7tyuMsbJ5Zq1XMehXudN680Sgk9crpMXvZWLNHzu4b3nBqmo1q20CayDBt6mu-rBpKm8zd_vVJNK26wvTT5InzAuHQj2l2bzhX8F8qc1u8/s320/maxresdefault.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Leaving Africa meant leaving these eagles, but their
equivalent is the Golden Eagle, an incredibly successful raptor that
specializes in killing mammals. The females of this iconic predator can grow up
to 15 lbs with 7 foot wingspans. While pheasants, rabbits, and ground squirrels
make up the bulk of their diet, they can bring down 40 lb fawns and sheep.
While not as dangerous as the African eagles, human children today are still
warned to be wary of these birds. They can exert 600 lbs per square inch on
their claws, enough to crush vertebra like celery, and Central Asians raise
them to hunt the wolves that prey on their herds.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQWwW7Jkx3O8LniU_BEC5EsfgFx6sykrKIpc0b-lK25M9NgK1jcQSfxv7KVB_7sBdsChysd3TBRYxgD9c6MLH3whNzpaHMLDAvgBPBHFBptcp4sO6TjXHcduD21t0tTNI9XW_2717_8mM/s1600/haasts_eagle_and_moa_model.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQWwW7Jkx3O8LniU_BEC5EsfgFx6sykrKIpc0b-lK25M9NgK1jcQSfxv7KVB_7sBdsChysd3TBRYxgD9c6MLH3whNzpaHMLDAvgBPBHFBptcp4sO6TjXHcduD21t0tTNI9XW_2717_8mM/s320/haasts_eagle_and_moa_model.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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In South America, modern humans encountered the legendary
harpy eagle, and in the Philippines the rare superpredator Monkey-Eating eagle.
However, it is in New Zealand that we’ve met our most deadly avian predator.
When the first Maori arrived on the islands, they found the giant moa birds to
be excellent prey, and hunted them to extinction. However, they also
encountered the moa’s previous predator: Harpagornis. Weighing over 30 lbs, it
was a moa specialist. The Maori forever remembered it as the Te Hokioi, or Te
Poukai, father of all birds, a man eating monster of the mountains. It’s
possible that this giant predator inspired the legendary monster Kurangaituku,
a bird woman slain by the heroic Hatupatu.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Moas weighed more than 500 lbs, but the fossils show that this giant
eagle could slay them. If a human was caught unaware or unarmed, they would be
easy prey. It’s easy to believe that the Maari deliberately hunted them to
extinction to keep their families safe as well as in competition for moa.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRoqfxCuKPuHkVUrPofJxOLR9Lbh2XAaEbVfixmzZvkZML9vta9Je8OO65wFEFY8Hle4C_Yi35B4-7iDXIcUu1jIloUoZ4dXs84zZT24S4s1lzuqGm4MBgbOiS7zG-4hKapz2mJIr0HfA/s1600/African-rock-python-constricting-gazelle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRoqfxCuKPuHkVUrPofJxOLR9Lbh2XAaEbVfixmzZvkZML9vta9Je8OO65wFEFY8Hle4C_Yi35B4-7iDXIcUu1jIloUoZ4dXs84zZT24S4s1lzuqGm4MBgbOiS7zG-4hKapz2mJIr0HfA/s320/African-rock-python-constricting-gazelle.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Of course, crowned and martial eagles eat monkeys. So do
other arboreal predators like pythons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Millions of humans are horrified of snakes, and for very good reason.
The rock python is the largest snake in Africa, over 10 feet long and 100 lbs,
but specimens have been recorded being twice as large. Like crowned eagles,
they hunt small antelope and have been recorded attempting to kill children.
Just like the eagles, they eat monkeys in the forests and plains of Africa, and
could have done so with the young and small ancestors of our species.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Snakes are masters of stealth, waiting for
days for food to walk into their path.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pythons certainly ate our ancestors, and perhaps even Australopithecus
could have fallen prey to them. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp9yAVixgr_Nla2EvHRj_xfigiTMyvGcsKDZnPo8dnQmJGJ6lufGD8nhvORqMxUA7paJEPbeb1jlSDS2sORHp4i-xL_V9i5ECUfOTOE2ka-iHq68GctEqA68U-vI4QFOXGUonnuJxdALg/s1600/mamba.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp9yAVixgr_Nla2EvHRj_xfigiTMyvGcsKDZnPo8dnQmJGJ6lufGD8nhvORqMxUA7paJEPbeb1jlSDS2sORHp4i-xL_V9i5ECUfOTOE2ka-iHq68GctEqA68U-vI4QFOXGUonnuJxdALg/s1600/mamba.jpg" /></a></div>
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This fear of snakes is reinforced by much deadlier snakes
armed with venom. They strike people in self defense, usually putting up a
threat display before striking. Unlike pythons, however, their bites are lethal
and the snakes would rather follow their bluff with a deadly sting than
flight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Africa is full of venomous
snakes, the most famous being the black mama. Fortunately, it’s reclusive and
more prone to flight than to use its venom. Unfortunately, when it does bite,
it injects 100 mg of neurotoxins and cardiotoxins into the target. The symptoms
are swift-headache, pain, numbness and tingling from the nerves being attacked,
then sweating and mouth-watering as the body’s system struggles. Finally, in
less than 45 minutes in an adult human, the body goes into shock as the venom
hits the heart and spine, causing paralysis and usually death in a matter of
hours.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2JmdOFSWJ5fBap14JTpJJWfZwNOQvYxVO_E_b6sOvnsvQQt1upLM5KdrN-FT8l_pX4u9sChey9vcydkIJoB_PRJTiroZKY5GfFnP5_dvezU-_QRP2RmqFe2YhtRUeujDTiWqQK9J3n2E/s1600/Puff-Adder_682_731083a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2JmdOFSWJ5fBap14JTpJJWfZwNOQvYxVO_E_b6sOvnsvQQt1upLM5KdrN-FT8l_pX4u9sChey9vcydkIJoB_PRJTiroZKY5GfFnP5_dvezU-_QRP2RmqFe2YhtRUeujDTiWqQK9J3n2E/s320/Puff-Adder_682_731083a.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The puff adder is far more dangerous, ironically. It’s found
in all parts of Africa outside the deserts and jungles, ventures into urban
areas, and usually follows its bluff with attack. The strike is the last line
of defense after camouflage and a menacing hiss, but its deadly and aggressive.
In captivity they are antagonistic and angry, always puffing and striking when
approached.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its bite contains 300 mg of
cytotoxin, a horrifying poison.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It sets
in with a decline in blood pressure, bruising, vomiting, blistering, and pain,
then turns to necrosis, killing off the cells in the body. If left untreated,
the necrosis spreads, killing off limbs, inducing gangrene, and the victim dies
of blood loss. 100 mg of the toxin can kill an adult man in 25 hours. </div>
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipHR14UILFlYGrNuaAaKafNnPXyAaOwZKCt0hANocw5EiijHKYvo548qiSTkUqtBhL7kOIYIOIbgSc5lhr7iM380gnZYWQD2u7T1-CALnpn_4De2NFnn2S_5wyfRmE1DsQBv-r6e0tBss/s1600/3405387_370.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipHR14UILFlYGrNuaAaKafNnPXyAaOwZKCt0hANocw5EiijHKYvo548qiSTkUqtBhL7kOIYIOIbgSc5lhr7iM380gnZYWQD2u7T1-CALnpn_4De2NFnn2S_5wyfRmE1DsQBv-r6e0tBss/s1600/3405387_370.jpg" /></a></div>
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Of course, the most famous of venomous snakes are the
cobras, and the first humans shared their world with three species of spitting
cobra, the forest cobra, and the Egyptian cobra. Spitting is not lethal, but it
does blind the victim, and the bites of spitting cobras contain both cytotoxins
and neurotoxins. The forest and Egyptian cobras are large animals, 7 to 10 feet
long, so their venom is powerful to take on larger prey. Like their spitting
kin, their venom attacks both cells and nerves, leading in paralysis, necrosis,
and death in hours if left untreated. The unwary or curious hominin that
accidentally antagonized these snakes paid with their lives, as such people in
rural East Africa do today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As humans
moved into Asia, they would not only meet more horrific vipers and cobras but
Krait and Taipan. In India alone, gigantic King Cobras, cosmopolitan Spectacled
Cobras, fierce Sawscale and Russel’s vipers, and the tenacious nocturne the
Common Krait. While endangered now, they’re still formidable animals and must
be given a wide berth </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB23Eb1Jp3WMPlLwquIbbxt9-gU76IlDaQoeT8cZzw4Oudn5D0zzN95Vt8syzaBfBvEIs1r-8GNFHNq32KlFqshqEmJgp5tjRVQe9Wvyo32htI9ZJHcNbMeT7stLvIL9qS_aSezDMQGqw/s1600/rima.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB23Eb1Jp3WMPlLwquIbbxt9-gU76IlDaQoeT8cZzw4Oudn5D0zzN95Vt8syzaBfBvEIs1r-8GNFHNq32KlFqshqEmJgp5tjRVQe9Wvyo32htI9ZJHcNbMeT7stLvIL9qS_aSezDMQGqw/s320/rima.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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The deadliest of all reptiles, however, are the crocodiles.
Every animal has to drink, and the water is the home of these powerful
archosaurs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three species, only one of
which is still extant, ruled African rivers. The oldest was Rimasuchus or
Lloyd’s Rift Crocodile, appearing in the Miocene and surviving into the early
Pleistocene. 7 meters long, their bites are distinguished by their sheer size
of the marks on mammal bones. In addition to young rhinoceri, ungulates, and
infant proboscideans, primates were fair prey, and their teeth have left many a
mark on human bones from Australopithecus to even Homo erectus. </div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCqReSvgF0I02tV8YYSGNX8SVWS_9KAxqS-6RpKZCAkhKJDp7D0Or8nXGyz0of_jdrmmo0KHDkAjqpyR9MrN2AFcWxe6qOX5nhjMtRN4H_7nMvMwDRY1vurBhI9ogigknIk2Ise4ATHJc/s1600/crocodylus_anthropophagus_by_hodarinundu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCqReSvgF0I02tV8YYSGNX8SVWS_9KAxqS-6RpKZCAkhKJDp7D0Or8nXGyz0of_jdrmmo0KHDkAjqpyR9MrN2AFcWxe6qOX5nhjMtRN4H_7nMvMwDRY1vurBhI9ogigknIk2Ise4ATHJc/s320/crocodylus_anthropophagus_by_hodarinundu.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rimasuchus was
overthrown in the Pliocene by two species of the genus Crocodylus. The largest
was the horned, 25-foot monster Crocodylus anthropophagus, named for being
found in Olduvai Gorge, where many hominin and human fossils have been found.
No doubt it would have found us easy prey, striking from the water and killing
the victim before anyone knew what was happening, before any alarms could be
sounded. Thankfully, the ice ages dried up the Rift Valley, ending both the old
Rift Crocodile and its horned usurper. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5lMNh0FGVF6UUHpTXrL9bZebalNzUO0GC68XL49ptjMHOolhyphenhyphenaG4lCrag3DdnQj9VjE0PfHQsSkAM4iEdron_E5RExdxJ04XTd8kjIG4zcrbutDUcMG8ojA5uPScCRNKFW0oUNijV3Sg/s1600/index.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5lMNh0FGVF6UUHpTXrL9bZebalNzUO0GC68XL49ptjMHOolhyphenhyphenaG4lCrag3DdnQj9VjE0PfHQsSkAM4iEdron_E5RExdxJ04XTd8kjIG4zcrbutDUcMG8ojA5uPScCRNKFW0oUNijV3Sg/s1600/index.jpg" /></a></div>
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However, Australopithecus would have also been preyed on not
only by the giants above, but by a predator that still haunts African
waterways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nile Crocodiles are
everywhere,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>eating anything they can
catch. They range from the common 10 to the rare but documented 20 feet (such
as the legendary 1-ton septuagenarian man-eater Gustave) in length, eating prey
from small fish and turtles to giraffes, buffalo, and eland. There’s even one
incident where foolhardy black rhinoceros tried to swim through deep water and
fell prey to a huge crocodile. If a lion, even a large male, is foolish enough
to probe croc-infested waters, he will die.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The still-more-horrifying water pollution and the leather industry have
taken their toll on the crocs, but in protected areas they thrive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The wide range of Nile crocs leads to 12
reported deaths a year even in the 21<sup>st</sup> century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_KlCIVx2yCoGqgOgnwXn7vf9Mt7s3l6JWsjy2bg4DVkrie_k-Fv6kP-bTWNhq82631PRsn0YZsdcKZkj4mmAVFuQDf3lb_XXVyrcnGCXqrvfZ5sToEFQsOUiYfe1MexU6paqQ74-cDpk/s1600/Nile-crocodile-with-gazelle-in-mouth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_KlCIVx2yCoGqgOgnwXn7vf9Mt7s3l6JWsjy2bg4DVkrie_k-Fv6kP-bTWNhq82631PRsn0YZsdcKZkj4mmAVFuQDf3lb_XXVyrcnGCXqrvfZ5sToEFQsOUiYfe1MexU6paqQ74-cDpk/s320/Nile-crocodile-with-gazelle-in-mouth.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Death by crocodile is swift. The moment a prey wades or even
walks to the water’s edge, they are in striking distance. The crocodile strikes
at 20 miles an hour from total submersion, its powerful tail launching it at
the target. Once the opened mouth hits the target, it clamps down 60 2-inch
teeth at 5000 PSI, enough to break a cow’s limb.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the croc hits the muzzle, it will pull the
victim into the water to drown (a human skull would just pop, though). If it
bites a limb, it will pull it in to the water then roll its entire body to
twist the limb off. Usually death from blood loss and drowning finish the prey
off.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Baboons and apes in Africa often
refuse to cross water, and it’s unknown when our species learned to overcome
that fear. Even a man with a high-powered rifle is in danger if he gets too
close or is shooting from a boat-the armor and strong skull can withstand
bullets in certain circumstances. </div>
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What else do apes and monkeys fear? They fear the night. Why
do we fear the night, the darkness? For one thing, our color vision prevents us
from having effective night vision, rendering us nearly blind. And that’s when
we’re prey for leopards. Take your house cat-they can see at night, have
incredible agility and senses of smell, and can land a nasty scratch or bite if
irritated. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoK4fHdQSFGfgOwaxnPakn9HSUQBSRYFRNCNbeCzoHIPmmwnc3JRQml_08dc7ZDvtLqefvLxaisKlUZPogoZc7gnHF7AJAK8fZS4jyYoeAaPkj3fA9G2Ofq0HzoAOy4KvCAlROQX-Ppfo/s1600/human_evol2_big.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoK4fHdQSFGfgOwaxnPakn9HSUQBSRYFRNCNbeCzoHIPmmwnc3JRQml_08dc7ZDvtLqefvLxaisKlUZPogoZc7gnHF7AJAK8fZS4jyYoeAaPkj3fA9G2Ofq0HzoAOy4KvCAlROQX-Ppfo/s320/human_evol2_big.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Leopards are not cute little kittens for long. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Male leopards can reach 200 lbs and run at 35
miles per hour. Adult male baboons and apes are more than a match for them in
the day, but when night falls, they are targets. Leopards have excellent night
vision, and incredible muscular control and precision. They quietly stalk the
prey, get as close as possible, then in a powerful leap, throttle them with
their powerful jaws. Animals often wake up to find one of their own missing,
only to later see their remains yanked up a tree. The biggest leopards can kill
a one-ton eland, and pull up 300 lb wildebeest into their tree or cave.
Primates make good prey for them due to being helpless at night. </div>
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Worst of all, leopards are cosmopolitan, being found in all
continents (the European leopard and Jaguar were wiped out by the ice age) but
Australia and the Americas (the Americans have pumas and jaguars filling in
their niche).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZaSpuwpzH-7EqkBKgi5Ukx5h0WyofF8OF7uCmRQgHeGuphFs9OjA0tUYMRQYGj_0XHikR22YYLoTTzbsMrOm1QH4aE86CKWmE7Fg07RdmcBFXJWbn8Vyxg9wfngpe5sULv3480CSP_Bw/s1600/Charles-R_-Knight-Painting1-640x1000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZaSpuwpzH-7EqkBKgi5Ukx5h0WyofF8OF7uCmRQgHeGuphFs9OjA0tUYMRQYGj_0XHikR22YYLoTTzbsMrOm1QH4aE86CKWmE7Fg07RdmcBFXJWbn8Vyxg9wfngpe5sULv3480CSP_Bw/s320/Charles-R_-Knight-Painting1-640x1000.jpg" width="204" /></a></div>
<br />
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For 6 million years
they’ve made short work of primates from Orroin and Paranthropus on the plains
of Africa to modern humans in rural Africa and India.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some leopards in history have become so
assured to be able to hunt humans they even attack during the day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One leopard in India, the Panar Leopard of
1910, killed and devoured over 400 people before the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>legendary Anglo-Indian hunter/conservationist
Jim Corbett<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>brought him down.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the spring of 2015, at least 10 people
were killed by leopards across India. In turn, traditional medicine and the
growth of human populations in Africa and Asia have ravaged leopard populations
in turn. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You see, as human populations expand, they push into leopard
ranges. Worse, they destroy habitat for their herds. With sheep, goats, and
cattle replacing the native fauna, the versatile and cunning cats turn on the
domestic animals as prey, and sometimes find humans as side-courses. Even worse
are the man eaters, older, sicker cats, unable to tackle prey or confront other
leopards for territory, hunting people as easy prey and their main food source. </div>
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Lions and tigers, being larger but diurnal, do more damage
to humans but are in turn critically endangered due to their food and
territorial needs. Lions evolved in Africa about 1 million years ago, spread
into Eurasia and North America, then quickly became almost extinct over the
past 200,000 years of constant conflict with humans. Preindustrial societies
waged war with predator cats over territory and prey, and industrial cultures
hunt them for trophies and superstition to the point of extinction. </div>
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The genus Panthera, the endangered genus of big cats, was
not the first cat predator on apes, of course.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>About 10 million years ago the main predator in Eurasia, Africa, and
North America was Machairodus. Joined with its kin Amphimachairodus and
Miomachairodus, this tiger-sized giant (from 600 to 1,000 lbs) evolved long
serrated fangs for killing giant prey. It’s possible that these cats caused the
last of the creodonts, nimravids and bear dogs to go extinct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Machairodus was succeeded in the Pliocene by
the smaller (300 lb) sabertooth Megantereon, who covered the same territories
alongside the ungulate-specialist cousin Dinofeis</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghA3ihqeVvLMp9QVvqGr4MuDYhPxOdqNkL__mR1FcbIDewGUz9iAAnXmdmGpMpspxgIEFVfWtaorFEfYJJCgahWOEU2HKnyMf-sJEPFm1WV2oRfL1pisggDPxR0iJdsinb4RA2pH7pikc/s1600/anuncio-homo-ergaster-megantereon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghA3ihqeVvLMp9QVvqGr4MuDYhPxOdqNkL__mR1FcbIDewGUz9iAAnXmdmGpMpspxgIEFVfWtaorFEfYJJCgahWOEU2HKnyMf-sJEPFm1WV2oRfL1pisggDPxR0iJdsinb4RA2pH7pikc/s320/anuncio-homo-ergaster-megantereon.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Megantereon was definitely an ape hunter. Large fangmarks
have been found on the bones of Australopithecus and Paranthropus, and even our
own genus was prey. A Homo erectus specimen from Georgia, D2280, was found with
deep, partially healed, probably mortal wounds on its forehead, wounds that
match the fangs of this cat. Isotopes taken from the teeth of Megantereon have
been analyzed, and it seems that the animal had the same range of prey as
leopards do today, including primates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>No doubt countless unwary hominins have been taken as prey by this
sabertooth cat. </div>
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Interestingly enough, the fossil site of Zhoukoudien has
both remains of Homo erectus and Megantereon, some of the last fossils of
either species. One can imagine a dark night in northern China, these
prehistoric humans clutched at their wooden spears and huddled around their
cookfire,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>shivering at the howl of the
wolf, the cackle of the hyena, and the knowledge that somewhere in the dark, a
saber-tooth monster could grab them from behind and drag them into the
darkness, a darkness that lasted forever for the victim. </div>
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Zhokoudian was also a site for the most horrifying hyena of
all time. Hyenas evolved as the equivalent of dogs in the old world during the
Miocene, sophisticated pack hunters that could take a variety of different
prey. Spotted hyenas, the largest and most successful of the family, ranged into
Eurasia during the Pliocene and the Pleistocene, their bone-crushing bites
leaving their mark on hominin fossils through the ages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today they are feared as grave-robbers and
the familiars and forms of witches in Africa, and horror stories are told of
the horrific civil wars of the 20<sup>th</sup> century providing bounties for
the hyenas. To make matters worse, spotted hyenas, unlike the smaller brown and
striped species, are incredible hunters, and like leopards hunt at night.
They’re not as audacious or cosmopolitan as leopards, so they have killed fewer
people, but hyena attacks have happened and do happen every couple of years.
Unlike leopards, they prefer ungulates and are more likely to take livestock,
but a century ago villages were reported as being terrorized by packs of
starving hyenas.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDx7G00EgH3EwR4Th20wh9vAeNxMvt_TRLSI7SZEWBqv9bgV_GRDdxIWSWs9OVlPtV10CZB2hA9w2cBrD4ZjjDsN8SAUxWoEH62kRfQ0GmgqQXizonqM5sZ9X-Vgt0qBquxLGjHeye2U/s1600/i-102dd3ea6bb4eefd937570231e9fca08-homo-erectus-pachycroctua-skull.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDx7G00EgH3EwR4Th20wh9vAeNxMvt_TRLSI7SZEWBqv9bgV_GRDdxIWSWs9OVlPtV10CZB2hA9w2cBrD4ZjjDsN8SAUxWoEH62kRfQ0GmgqQXizonqM5sZ9X-Vgt0qBquxLGjHeye2U/s320/i-102dd3ea6bb4eefd937570231e9fca08-homo-erectus-pachycroctua-skull.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Spotted Hyena is not the only man-eating hyena in
prehistory however. Until 300,000 years ago, the spotted species shared its
range across Africa and Eurasia with the giant hyena, Pachycrocuta. This animal
could grow the size of a lioness, weigh 300 lbs, and their lairs are filled
with the bones of their prey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If these
animals could bring down cattle and bison, they could bring down humans. You
see, its size made it a less efficient hunter than the spotted species, as the
latter was smaller and could support larger families and run faster. It’s been
speculated that the giant hyena was more of a scavenger, using its size to
dominate spotted hyenas, wolves, and leopards, even confronting sabertooth
cats. On one hand, the bite of the giant hyena is stronger at the molars than
canines, preventing a stronger killing bite, and some papers insist on an
exclusively scavenger lifestyle. On the other, the body is also more robust,
not just the molars-spotted hyenas have stronger bones than their scavenging
kin, which need to move quickly to grab prey. There is also the fact that its
eyes give it stereoscopic vision-if it was a scavenger, it was not that
efficient a scavenger, moving slower, specializing in large carcasses, and not
having the same breadth of vision of a vulture. Vultures and striped hyenas are
poor analogues for large terrestrial carnivores.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At any rate, slower animals like humans would
be possible prey. </div>
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Sure enough, Zhokoudian contains not only human caves, but
hyena caves as well. Human skulls and long bones at the site have been found to
have been crushed. One suggestion is that other humans broke the bones for
cannibalism, but it’s just as equally possible that the bones were crushed by
the teeth of hyenas. Spotted hyenas have a bite force of over 1,000 lbs per
square inch, and the larger hyena would have a stronger bite. Finds in Georgia
and Spain show elephant carcasses fed on by these hyenas, suggesting that the
animal could at least pierce the bones of an elephant. Assuming the females
reach twice the size of spotted hyena females, and that bite force scales up by
size, that would mean hyena girls with 2,000 lb bites! Enough to pop a human
skull like an egg or snap a femur like a twig.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKORKb4QUQdTuUcit1IVO1d0y0T7QRmpgaZVGVVCBIeu4_m1wmqUMBwCI7-MKW2VCMsWoXq8mKDtkvjS8o1PWZVKD2K7OmHeMRSklQt1UdiEWq_Wy3N2AJdI-d1CWEtQKBFJ_1Zksw258/s1600/Early_Man_Fighting_Prehistoric_Cave_Bear.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKORKb4QUQdTuUcit1IVO1d0y0T7QRmpgaZVGVVCBIeu4_m1wmqUMBwCI7-MKW2VCMsWoXq8mKDtkvjS8o1PWZVKD2K7OmHeMRSklQt1UdiEWq_Wy3N2AJdI-d1CWEtQKBFJ_1Zksw258/s320/Early_Man_Fighting_Prehistoric_Cave_Bear.jpg" width="294" /></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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Finally, a universal object of awe in the northern
continents is the bear. Every year in North America, a person living in bear
country is killed by a bear. There are two reasons for bear attacks-one is by
females pretending their cubs that that human unknowingly (And sometimes knowingly)
approach, and the other is predation. Bears are omnivores, eating anything it
comes across-fruit, fish, roots, leaves, eggs, carrion, reptiles and whatever
mammals it can barrel down. Brown bears are the most successful species, having
adapted to a historical range from Morocco and Spain to Mexico. Smaller black
bears live in China and North America. In northern China, black bears and brown
bears neighbor pandas. In India, their range borders that of sloth bears and
sun bears. Around the arctic circle, they border Polar bears. And in South
America, they are not found but instead bears are of the Spectacled
species.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the Americas, two genera of
giant short faced bears ranged from Argentina to Alaska until the invasion of
humans. </div>
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Bear art adorns European human sites. Neanderthal sites
contain bear bones, and cave bear skulls were collected by Neanderthal people
in some areas, perhaps as a form of worship.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bears and humans, being voracious omnivores, often find themselves at
war through history. Bears have been hunted to extinction in many parts of the
range, such as North Africa and Mexico.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Extinct Pleistocene bears<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>like
cave bears and short faced bears were likely hunted to extinction by their
human rivals. Polar bears, Spectacled bears, and Sun bears tend to avoid humans
due to their habitats, but black bears and brown bears and humans have hunted
each other for thousands of years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Black
bears and sloth bears kill people usually in aggressive counterattacks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The conflict between humans and bears is
ancient, but we don’t know who first preyed on who. By the time humans left
Africa, we were hunting small game. Did we kill cubs? Did the bears view us as
easy prey? The beginning of the conflict, unlike those of humans against big
cats, remains a mystery. Asian bears are nearly extinct thanks to human hunting
and habitat loss, but American bears are neighbors as Americans and Canadians
still live in woody areas where bears once ruled and venture to when other
foods are scarce.</div>
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I recommend the excellent book Man the Hunted by Donna Hart
for more on this topic. We’ll eventually talk about these individual species in
their own articles, but it says something how many of our fears- water, the
night, reptiles, etc, all date back to a time when we were prey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Human technology has made us the winner, and
our old enemies are almost destroyed by our hunger and greed, but our fears and
perceptions are prehistoric. We’ve evolved our cognition; it’s time we evolve
our psyche. </div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-90566535085700368902016-10-21T17:22:00.001-07:002016-10-21T17:22:55.842-07:00An Overview of Dinosaur Exhibits Part 6: The Carnegie Museum revisited<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
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When you think of timeless fossil museums in the USA, you
usually think of places like New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. You think of
schools like Harvard, Yale, and Drexel. You think of places where they’re found
like in Texas, Utah, Wyoming, Montana, and Colorado. When you think of the city
of Pittsburgh, you think the highlands of western Pennsylvania as the
Appalachians cut through the state towards New York. You think of the steel and
the coal and the massive factories and sweating immigrants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You would never connect Pittsburgh with a
fossil museum.</div>
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<a name='more'></a>The man responsible for this museum is Andrew Carnegie. He
started his life as a poor Scottish immigrant, rising through the echelons of
via the telegraph and railroad industry in Pennsylvania. Organizing efficiently
during the industrial revolution, he operated a steel mill and became a
millionaire leading the world’s steel industry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Unlike other millionaires past and present, he didn’t spend it on
himself, however; instead he believed in philanthropy. In his book “The Gospel
of Wealth”, he explained that the rich have a duty to use their gains to
benefit the less wealthy. A true progressive, he believed that education is the
best investment.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Y_B-eKkjvrM4HsMFU7tedZEoGrXCg3wYPQTwGneqPVn1dIIAttDYsfZLtWRLRD9xbImw2tTFes24VGgKsvk7eODW3XwLiV4GVByO6u9gaftVTrEUxTwBRw8AS82Fze9xNTz8eXn21ig/s1600/IMG_9865.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Y_B-eKkjvrM4HsMFU7tedZEoGrXCg3wYPQTwGneqPVn1dIIAttDYsfZLtWRLRD9xbImw2tTFes24VGgKsvk7eODW3XwLiV4GVByO6u9gaftVTrEUxTwBRw8AS82Fze9xNTz8eXn21ig/s320/IMG_9865.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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So in 1895 he built a massive building on the east side,
using it as a base for a library and museum. Contemporary American art and
literature was stored to enrich the people of Pittsburgh, and the animals and
plants of the area were collected as specimens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was aware of the vast fossil collections
at Yale University and the Philadelphia Academy, and decided to continue their
work, hiring Marsh’s finest collectors John Bell Hatcher and William Harlow
Reed, and Cope’s scientist Jacob L Wartman to build a core of paleontologists
and specimens. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJy0DHImS1ELaYbujriiuDwDn44yfDs1aIXu6Fp6tL-Cy7RdKxvJZuZqD4E44k9mbohkslZreGvjEGvMy7WqgzUo4s54K_5Uqoc6yEBKp_e6-Tu_Bsog46r8NzQVab8SaZUujw-8wBkwU/s1600/IMG_9411.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJy0DHImS1ELaYbujriiuDwDn44yfDs1aIXu6Fp6tL-Cy7RdKxvJZuZqD4E44k9mbohkslZreGvjEGvMy7WqgzUo4s54K_5Uqoc6yEBKp_e6-Tu_Bsog46r8NzQVab8SaZUujw-8wBkwU/s320/IMG_9411.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Now, this museum hosts one of the finest collection of
dinosaur fossils in the entire country, and presents them well. I’ll go room by
room, hall by hall through the paleontological collections of the Carnegie
Museum of Natural History. The main hall alongside the exhibit halls has a
little preview of what lies inside: Jane, the juvenile tyrannosaur. It’s a cast
of the Burpee mount, of course, but considering the Type specimen of
Tyrannosaurus is one of the centerpieces of the museum, it’s a good
representation of the dinosaurs inside.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVBuxK7y0-HpSjqZYjPAjtHwFjRHUJHQS2Q3T8b4fkRaIODSA_5luDqSAJEdAV0B94OcWui_f9unfGqkrgWfJ6QZIjcFw3hWs2xAPzqF3QQTpcYKnoHdSsiT86sfWQI3G2BMQovc_AXHE/s1600/IMG_9427.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVBuxK7y0-HpSjqZYjPAjtHwFjRHUJHQS2Q3T8b4fkRaIODSA_5luDqSAJEdAV0B94OcWui_f9unfGqkrgWfJ6QZIjcFw3hWs2xAPzqF3QQTpcYKnoHdSsiT86sfWQI3G2BMQovc_AXHE/s320/IMG_9427.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The first room is an excellent overview of fossils,
geological principles, and the Paleozoic period. Several displays show animals
found in Western Pennsylvania, such as the recently discovered amphibian
Fedexiam, and the Holotype of the Eurypterid ichnotaxon Palichnium, along with
the Cretaceous mammal of Madagascar, Vintana.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Like every good museum, there are dioramas of the animals from the
area-in this case, like the Field Museum, they are of a Devonian reef and
Carboniferous forest. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvNzKTzXrsmnSa3F5_n6hcDvSAqUmlj0oWk3wAZr4-PkbITTcFFzEcfG4KEAXaVRB7QYN4V2EG9OVAmio7nQnX5kU68Yusu39VMAle4v5RZ7e6lJhrfTaxzZ5KMcXrWu91wSlym2yidoU/s1600/IMG_9439.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvNzKTzXrsmnSa3F5_n6hcDvSAqUmlj0oWk3wAZr4-PkbITTcFFzEcfG4KEAXaVRB7QYN4V2EG9OVAmio7nQnX5kU68Yusu39VMAle4v5RZ7e6lJhrfTaxzZ5KMcXrWu91wSlym2yidoU/s320/IMG_9439.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The room empties into a foyer connecting to the fossil lab,
the mineral display, and the dinosaur hall. It has its own displays-currently
an authentic Edaphosaurus long ago shares the area with casts of more recent
discoveries like Anchiornis, Herrerasaurus, and Sarmientosaurus. This room
assures the visitors that the museum is still working hard and contributing to
science. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZmWXUEMK1RoSr_wd6OLGKNXSHFSegxOpO7rkqmMqommk_t7irRn54rIroSMr6RFTmnrvpXR0eCSPz_ce0Q3kmUeaMIzxFmCSuIg_zcXT_rR1JrPwSpj1XEOQYMLPpgFCZ-INe4xtiqFA/s1600/IMG_9441.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZmWXUEMK1RoSr_wd6OLGKNXSHFSegxOpO7rkqmMqommk_t7irRn54rIroSMr6RFTmnrvpXR0eCSPz_ce0Q3kmUeaMIzxFmCSuIg_zcXT_rR1JrPwSpj1XEOQYMLPpgFCZ-INe4xtiqFA/s320/IMG_9441.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The Triassic room is based on the full sized mount of
Redondasaurus bermani, but it’s filled out with fossils such as the type
specimens of Redondasaurus and Dolabrasaurus, and the background is the first
of three lush paintings by Bob Walters and Tess Kissinger depicting the vibrant
life of the Chinle formation. A nearby panel features finds from the Newark
Supergroup. I would certainly call it more effective at displaying fossil finds
than the Triassic Room at the Field Museum, although lacking the focus on
evolutionary trends. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLESzna64kjPT0M1l9NEbrRx5AKtHOYHjje4BWd10al3kHUiJk2QkRxuScNeK0cP87VOzjec8LeZH33YeBFoXAZaN-HZm9EpIGeDb1L5a1NLQZinAviDMCdIi-XIXEMb2L3iY4Pc-4WLE/s1600/IMG_9498.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLESzna64kjPT0M1l9NEbrRx5AKtHOYHjje4BWd10al3kHUiJk2QkRxuScNeK0cP87VOzjec8LeZH33YeBFoXAZaN-HZm9EpIGeDb1L5a1NLQZinAviDMCdIi-XIXEMb2L3iY4Pc-4WLE/s320/IMG_9498.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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A Lyme Regis fossil display and a Camarosaurus juvenile
bracket the path to the Jurassic, the centerpiece of the entire museum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A taste of Jurassic dinosaurs is given by
mounts of a small Ceratosaurus attacking Dryosaurus, but they are mice compared
to the titans in the next room. </div>
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On either side of the main path are Diplodocus and
Apatosaurus, products of the Dinosaur Monument quarry that is now a national
park on the Utah-Colorado border. This Diplodocus is the heart of the Carnegie.
John Bell Hatcher found this specimen of the species he had previously
excavated for Marsh in 1900, and Andrew Carnegie used the spectacle to form the
museum around that specimen. Named Dippy, this specimen has been cast dozens of
times and the casts sent all around the world. It became a symbol of Carnegie’s
wealth and generosity, and it became an icon of the Carnegie Museum.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguppzYBc5qcnZGji0F3MCCzS3mJG-eQoBBHSSCMrhV73v3txzgl3_qYQNz443miGH6UWOIL57giy4Cn0iniwgkSHZnh7YHOI2jB7NssDw3PXpbDzYGUPq8JTqwlpfQAW-eyY_H7hSpGjw/s1600/IMG_9707.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguppzYBc5qcnZGji0F3MCCzS3mJG-eQoBBHSSCMrhV73v3txzgl3_qYQNz443miGH6UWOIL57giy4Cn0iniwgkSHZnh7YHOI2jB7NssDw3PXpbDzYGUPq8JTqwlpfQAW-eyY_H7hSpGjw/s320/IMG_9707.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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On the other side of the path is Apatosaurus louisae, a new
species found by the Carnegie Museum’s great scientist William Holland. Holland
named it after Carnegie’s wife Louise, and it’s been side by side with Dippy
for a century. It’s huge in its own right, the largest known species of
Apatosaurus, and not only a counterpart to Diplodocus but a symbol of the
museum continuing Marsh’s study. </div>
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Next to Apatosaurus is a Stegosaurus, and right behind it
Allosaurus. Once again, Kissinger and Walters show a sweeping panorama of the
Morrison formation. In the corner stands a small Camptosaurus alongside flying
animals from Solhofen Lagoon. The adjacent wall displays casts and fossils of
Solhofen’s amazing fossil fauna, and transitions to the two adjacent rooms:
Cretaceous land and Cretaceous sea. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtoQ0DY9Swrj3fjzhfipmvWC9YnMkis-XO_Wftx0_7v7tWK2nz2VGEZMvH8eNpZdEZ4sW_2JV2xp4zvvYw0QC79n6kBvFz7fl9CEA4a0HnCmYcNJ9MnhAJl9BN_uUH3VLfdztAswz46a0/s1600/IMG_9508.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtoQ0DY9Swrj3fjzhfipmvWC9YnMkis-XO_Wftx0_7v7tWK2nz2VGEZMvH8eNpZdEZ4sW_2JV2xp4zvvYw0QC79n6kBvFz7fl9CEA4a0HnCmYcNJ9MnhAJl9BN_uUH3VLfdztAswz46a0/s320/IMG_9508.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The path to the Cretaceous room is flanked by cast fossils
and life size sculptures of the fauna of the Yixian formation. Mammals,
Psittaccosaurus, and feathered coelurosaurs lead up to Protoceratops and
Corythosaurus, in turn transitioning the path to the main Cretaceous room.</div>
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You see, when Henry Osborn was building the AMNH fossil
hall, he realized he had two specimens of Tyrannosaurus thanks to Barnum Brown.
He planned to display them in mortal combat, fighting over prey:
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"It is early morning along the shore of a Cretaceous
lake four [we now know to be sixty five] million years ago. A herbivorous
dinosaur Trachodon venturing from the water for a breakfast of succulent
vegetation has been caught and partly devoured by a giant flesh eating
Tyrannosaurus. As this monster crouches over the carcass, busy dismembering it,
another Tyrannosaurus is attracted to the scene. Approaching, it rises nearly
to its full height to grapple the more fortunate hunter and dispute the prey.
The crouching figure reluctantly stops eating and accepts the challenge, partly
rising to spring on its adversary. The psychological moment of tense inertia
before the combat was chosen to best show positions of the limbs and bodies, as
well as to picture an incident in the life history of these giant
reptiles."<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specimens_of_Tyrannosaurus#cite_note-brown1915-6"><sup>[</sup></a></div>
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He made models and sketches of the diorama, but the bones
were just too heavy. Instead, he had to resort to posing one of them in a
static upright walk; imposing, but not dynamic at all. When World War 2 reached
America, there was concern that New York city would be attacked by German
raiders (indeed, at the time there was a desperate fight off Maine and Nova Scotia
between Canadian and American supply ships and German u-boats). The American
Museum decided to sell one of their skeletons, and the Carnegie Museum bought
it. Turns out this skeleton was the holotype, found by Barnum Brown in 1902. </div>
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For decades, the Tyrannosaurus was posed in front of a
dramatic painting of a Tyrannosaur reared up Godzillalike in front of a stormy
sky. The visitor would walk down the hall, past Stegosaurus, Triceratops,
Corythosaurus, and then between the sauropods before confronting Tyrannosaurus.
In 2007, the museum finally renovated the hall, and brought Osborn’s vision to
life.</div>
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As Osborn had wished, the type specimen of Tyrannosaurus
bares its fangs in a roar of defiance. Opposing it is a cast of Peck’s Rex, a
specimen found by the Museum of the Rockies in 1997. The dinosaurs roar at each
other, ready for a titanic battle. Below them is a hadrosaur carcass, the prize
to be fought over. Above them soars Quetzalcoatlus, the gigantic pterosaur
overshadowing the fight.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Behind the
Tyrannosaurs are the other animals of their time: a niche is dedicated to the
mounted skulls of ceratopsians, and the adjacent corner features
Pachycephalosaurus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Didelphodon’s type
specimen and a reconstructed skeleton lead to Triceratops, and then the other
corner features the amazing new oviraptorid Anzu. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you look carefully you can find the
holotype of the giant alligator Deinosuchus-turns out the giant AMNH skull
wasn’t the first specimen, but instead some vertebrae and osteoderms.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqwF-7W0Gb3LVYaaOtGz8pKi05NUe-Vwg626QsxlZb4gJDhB6yfOrJodRmvhlWE4RV3TR_aoPlFoWS4CIJiCT1GSvzUNbgGbiNXrO1V8PwANBMF5e7UPTCnSuUTLpX5UeRjVRcQh5wDB0/s1600/IMG_9561.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqwF-7W0Gb3LVYaaOtGz8pKi05NUe-Vwg626QsxlZb4gJDhB6yfOrJodRmvhlWE4RV3TR_aoPlFoWS4CIJiCT1GSvzUNbgGbiNXrO1V8PwANBMF5e7UPTCnSuUTLpX5UeRjVRcQh5wDB0/s320/IMG_9561.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Next to the tyrannosaur room is the Niobrara room, separated
from the Jurassic by a display of a pack of fearsome Pachyrhizodus being
attacked by the even more horrific fish Xiphactinus. It’s right next to the
Solhofen wall so you can just skip the Yixian animals if you’re more interested
in sea life. </div>
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The room is dimly it in stark contrast to the bright
dinosaur rooms, but it has a kind of aquarium atmosphere that I for one love. A
huge Tylosaurus hovers above the room, and the centerpiece is the swift,
gator-jawed plesiosaur <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dolichorhynchops pursuing the penguinlike toothy-beaked bird
Hesperornis. This dramatic scene is flanked by Clidastes, Xiphactinus and
Protostega.</span></em></div>
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As usual, the mammals get the short shrift; a gallery of
Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene mammals is poorly labeled and awkwardly placed in
a smaller gallery. To make matters worse, a children’s digging pit is placed in
the gallery, making things even more cramped. The mammal specimens, mostly from
Nebraska, are amazing, and the gallery is headed by a half-life, half-skeletal
model of Moropus (where is the original specimen?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not enough room!). </div>
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The half-life, half-skeletal model design is also used for
the classic La Brea Dire Wolf-Northern Sabertooth confrontation in the adjacent
room, where Pleistocene animals are featured. The same model design is finally
used to a bison, while other classic Pleistocene animals like the giant Moa,
Columbian Mammoth, the giant deer, and Harlan’s Ground Sloth are freestanding
mounts. No paintings, no CGI displays, but the text is far more informative
than the other mammal room. </div>
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All in all, the Carnegie Museum is one of the greatest
paleontology museums in the country. While animals other than dinosaurs aren’t
as well presented, but they are still magnificent specimens put on display. It’s
certainly the place for paleontology between Chicago and the Atlantic coast.
The collection is ever growing, and already it’s a landmark in terms of
American paleontology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rooms are
spectacular, and the presentation is excellent. While it doesn’t go into
taxonomy like the AMNH or try to tell the history of life like the FMNH and
DMNS, it does show magnificent specimens in lifelike poses, contemporary
animals forming vast tableaus of a scene in geologic time. </div>
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The art by Walters
and Kissinger is a worthy successor to Charles R Knight, and the dinosaurs are
supplemented by interactive displays showing more information, highlighting of
type specimens, and panels of contemporary sea life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Again, the Paleozoic (not a single
Dimetrodon, by the way), and the Cenozoic (the mammals aren’t even in any sort
of order) are given short shrift, but the dinosaurs are far more spectacular
than the Field or Denver, and much better presented than the American. </div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
I recommend the museum for anyone who loves dinosaurs and
fossils, and is supplemented by great wildlife dioramas, two very good
galleries on ancient Egypt and the American First Nations, and an impressive
art museum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I think Andrew Carnegie would
be proud of what his institutions look like now, and would boast that few other
business moguls have left anything close to his legacy. Carnegie’s legacy is
the heart of Pittsburgh, and the finest place between the Atlantic coast with
its old American cities and their magnificent museums and the Great Lakes, and
the American West heartland where the fossils were found in the first place.</div>
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David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-36207610561405284952016-07-06T19:00:00.000-07:002016-07-06T19:00:13.397-07:00Book Review: Prehistoric Monsters<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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Dinosaurs and other prehistoric beasts have been a big part
of Western Culture, especially the dominant English, French and American
cultures, for centuries. This has been acknowledged by scientists, historians,
and artistic commentators, but there are relatively few overviews of it. So, it
was to my delight that Allen A. Debus finally wrote a book on this obsession
and its permutations, the 2010 work <i>Prehistoric Monsters: The Real and Imagined
Creatures of the Past That We Love to Fear. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrdNVHraaRrubGq7T9u2nFJTEWyK8ndxZNpyyHZaUZM0mF-aEi-gcHPglNv1hGO1m0VAcvJL9PqebikR7VmH8JmggcbHqPN96QqQmOqci1C20dRcfslgvbd3ci_A7epsRGkHX6RLQs_JY/s1600/51ucxbDLlGL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrdNVHraaRrubGq7T9u2nFJTEWyK8ndxZNpyyHZaUZM0mF-aEi-gcHPglNv1hGO1m0VAcvJL9PqebikR7VmH8JmggcbHqPN96QqQmOqci1C20dRcfslgvbd3ci_A7epsRGkHX6RLQs_JY/s320/51ucxbDLlGL.jpg" width="208" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first chapter discusses the beginning of the interest,
all the way back to ancient times, when the Greeks, Romans, Chinese, native Americans,
and others interpreted giant strange bones as those of dragons and giants. This
interpretation only took a scientific, naturalistic approach in the 18<sup>th</sup>
century as the Enlightenment dismissed supernatural explanations for natural
phenomenon.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second and third
chapters refer to early American paleontology and its pioneers like Thomas
Jefferson and Charles W. Peale, whose fertile imagination turned the remains of
giant sloths and mastodons into evidence of frightful monsters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fourth follows with a discussion of the
showman Albert Koch who compiled mastodon and whale skeletons into more
frightful monsters. </div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter five is an overview with our fascination with
prehistoric humans, the legendary cavemen. They deserve their own book, really,
but the chapter shows their place in the prehistoric pantheon in culture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chapter six is a long one, talking about the
rise of interest in the Mesozoic and prehistoric reptiles, and their eclipsing
of fossil mammals. They were equals until the 1930s, then the dinosaurs ruled
supreme to the point that museums like the Field Museum have put their fossil
mammals into storage to make room for more dinosaurs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The seventh chapter is a digression into the
scientific fantasies of Charles H Sternberg, a scientist who wrote vivid
reconstructions of what he discovered. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chapter eight is an overview of the biggest dinosaur
superstar that is still the king in the public eye: Tyrannosaurus rex. Chapter
nine looks into Tyrannosaurus’ spinoff in the context of Japanese post-war
culture crisis: Godzilla himself. Chapter 9 is dissociated from the others,
discussing how in fiction human beings can come into contact with prehistoric
animals. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It’s an easy read, and a fast one, but one that was a ton of
fun. We know today of the Jurassic Park movies and the rule of Tyrannosaurus in
popular culture, so it’s fascinating to learn about the history of what came
before.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The history of science and
culture is well-covered, but the history of the prehistoric is really
fascinating. This belongs on the shelf next of Don Glut’s Dinosaur Scrapbook,
Adrienne Mayor’s The First Fossil Hunters and Fossil Legends of the First
Americans, and Debus’ own Paleoimagery and Dinosaurs in fantastic fiction. </div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
My main complaint is the lack of structure. Each of the
chapters can easily be seen as its own article. Debus does write for G-Fan, The
Prehistoric Times, and other magazines. It’s best viewed as a compilation of
related articles rather than a coherent narrative itself. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The other complaint is the lack of color illustration.
However, many of the original images are in black and white, and there’s enough
images to show key concepts and examples of the material discussed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Still, familiarity with the discussed
material does help a lot, and it helps to look up the discussed fiction, art,
and personalities that fill this volume.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I give the book 89/100-not perfect, but entertaining,
readable, and very interesting. I recommend it to all dinosaur fans, and
especially the ones who have interest in the history of the prehistoric animal
in the eyes of scientists and laity alike.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I’ll soon review the other Debus books, as they are just as good and
complement each other very well.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4178395616250564555.post-30944679274555166272016-05-02T14:17:00.000-07:002016-05-03T07:58:31.915-07:00 Pictures At An Exhibition Part 2<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Today I’m returning to my Pictures At An Exhibition. In case
you haven’t read part 1, here’s the link <a href="http://davidsamateurpalaeo.blogspot.com/2015/03/pictures-at-exhibition-part-1.html">http://davidsamateurpalaeo.blogspot.com/2015/03/pictures-at-exhibition-part-1.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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We continue the series of murals with one that has been
restored to display after a 20-year hiatus. It’s the first one visitors see in
Evolving Planet, right between the stromatolites, next to a display on banded
iron, and a model of a eukaryotic cell. Those are pretty good hints, by the
way, on the setting and content.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a> </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis2gxktlzPKuu95tEwccoY4slFa_4SlYIblPX8XoRY7W_3I21_8aYyHv3_hjZvzDmIBmrBhZ_ICcCgAAvD2kt4b8N8TKg6ibH8jFBYubtXtKDuwhj-7jlXDJodcXGm3-G3CdqMKqG_qvg/s1600/IMG_0999.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis2gxktlzPKuu95tEwccoY4slFa_4SlYIblPX8XoRY7W_3I21_8aYyHv3_hjZvzDmIBmrBhZ_ICcCgAAvD2kt4b8N8TKg6ibH8jFBYubtXtKDuwhj-7jlXDJodcXGm3-G3CdqMKqG_qvg/s320/IMG_0999.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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The time is stated to be 1.5 billion years ago, and titled
“The Beginnings of Life”. The name shows the age of the painting, as that was
the date estimated in the 1930s. Alexandr Oparin had brought back the theory of
abiogenesis in 1924, placing the date between 1 and 2 billion years ago. Turns
out life is older, but important evolutionary landmarks took place at that time
none the less, and the painting’s depiction is still accurate, thanks to Knight
making a calculated risk.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The painting shows geological and biological revolution. A
series of plateaus and jagged rocks make up the background, a continuation of
the barren mountains of the previous painting. In the center and foreground,
however, there is a contrast-instead of the yellow-brown rock, there are bright
green-blue pools in a steplike configuration. In the fore and left, there are a
large group of red-brown graptolites next to the lowermost pool. This depicts
Precambrian Earth-seemingly peaceful, but subtly revolutionary.</div>
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<br /></div>
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It was Oparin that invented the term “primordial soup” a
simplistic but generally accurate term to refer to earth’s conditions promoting
life-water with the proper chemical composition at the right temperature to
stimulate the formation of amino acids and in turn proteins, and that is what
Knight is depicting. In the pools are cyanobacteria, blue and green
photosynthetic life that is turning the sky blue and adding oxygen into the
atmosphere. </div>
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<br /></div>
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It is also these cyanobacteria forming mats and colonies and
producing the stromatolites. Knight was working on modern analogies, and this
environment is not too dissimilar from living stromatolites forming in saline
lagoons in Australia and Mexico.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At 1.5
million years ago, there is no doubt this environment would be common for life.</div>
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<br /></div>
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However, there was also other forms of life. Microbial fungi
and eukaryotic bacteria have also left fossils dating back to this period in
time, the first eukaryotic organisms that precede all of today’s macroscopic
life. The blue pools of bacteria would have sustained these other forms of
microbe, and both green and red algae shared the same pools. It would still be
microscopic, soft, aquatic life, but those beautiful blue-green pools would be
rich with tiny life.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The painting shows
life as it began-simple and small but numerous, successful, and beginning
evolution. Evolution requires life, and life, uh, finds a way.</div>
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<br /></div>
David Prushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08104560902599373673noreply@blogger.com1